oe 


a 





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AUTHOR: 


GOODWIN, WILLIAM W. 


TITLE: 


SYNTAX OF THE MOODS 
AND TENSES 


PLACE: 


CAMBRIDGE 


DATE: 


1860 





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zy -Yoole- | 


COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET 








Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record 


837.58 


| G65 Goodwin, William Watson, 1831-1912. 


Syntax of the moods and tenses of the Greek verb. By 
W. W. Goodwin... Cambridge, Sever and Francis, 1860. 


we. tt, o14 2 46s 


1. Greek language—Mood. 2. Greek language—Prose. 


Library of Congress PA369.G7 


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INSE 








sive those who are 

f{ Greek Syntax such 

¥ nses as is neces- 

the same time to 

Serve AS ; iF k ot re ‘ rence in r ading. It is believed that 

no one Wh as | id any 2) ri ict in I achine this part of 

Gcreek 5 nta vill 2 juire an apology for a special work on 
the subjes 

I have ndeavoret add clearness and precision to the 

rules, with : cial w to their practical utility; to im- 

prov the classifi ation. from di fects In W hich much obscurity 

has arisen; and to illustrate each principle by a sufficient 

number of examples to show the usage in ¢ very department 

of Greek literature in which it occurs, due attention being 

paid (where it is necessary) to the peculiarities of special 

classes of writers. In preparing the work I have been 

especially indebted to Kriign rs Griechische Sprachlehre, to 


Madvig’s Syntax der griechischen Sprache, and to Madvig’s 


Bi sidt yr] isige di dihn sz ¢ iniqe Punet de ag qrue ch ische /¢ Wortfiu- 


gungslehre (in a Supplement to the Philologus, Vol. 11.) ; 


which have everywhere supplied me with important details, 


a 





UNL Sai. 


Present and Imperfect. 





CONTENTS. 
CONTENTS, 


msi 2 — 
i €ecgouadil 


Gnomic and Iterative Tenses, 


and Tenses, 


fe LISS 


A orist. 


Future. 





CONTENTS, 


: 
i 


ao A ps ge eR aR eR aT 


are mee 





CONTENTS. 


Temporal Particles signifying ¢ ntil and Before that. 


\. "Ews, “Eore, “Aypts, Me 


a —_ , ‘ 
und O in Indirect Quotations. 


before Direct Quotations. 
Cr rigoOn V 


rPENCES., 


Indirect Quotation of Sim pi 


Indirect (Juotl ition of Cor 





CONTENTS, 


CHAPTER VI. 
IPLE. 


{ 
i 
; 
i 
. 
2 
4 








elas MG Oe TAs as a 


Chts an action 


a aes 


sl 


of the con- 


ee 


. 
: 
| 
: 


‘lauses. either to 
resent or Juture 

a Suppo- 
supposition may 


‘ 
i 


© future, or 








AND OPTATIY 





Subjune- 


if ad 


/ ri Mara 


nr fulure 


Some othe r Verb 





INDICATIVE. 


sents an 


Ned action. 
ise remains 


efinite they 





CHEOGN 


hnuance ot 


(ion: sometimes, 


‘| 7 . 
Lilet the action 


] 
ienotes an af- 


| 
. 


er, and meibo. I try 


Il. 


Kat T@ OLKAL® Wndica- 
, / Hy 


’ 


| with Adverbs of past 


ofa Pr rfect and Pr sent 





MPERFECT. 





Od. XVII, 
Dem. F. L. 


aporAy@, 
t 


ers to the 








) " ) t 


represents an action as going 


eypapov, | was writing. 


7 


2. Present transferred to 
iarities of the Present 
the change to past time. 
ary or repeated action 
Aorist, which denotes single 
Ze) K. g. 


> 


iS M@KELTO. KAL OI Evynecayv 


»ALTEVOVTO Kal eBovdAev- 





IN THE DEPENDENT MOODS. 1] 


Compare 


eee: 





the Pres- 


Pa AY, iples, and 


Vu 1talions ~ in 








i 
: 
i 
. | 
: 


lS ETT SAR oe 


1?. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Subjunective denotes time future to that past time, that 
is, only relatively future. (The same is true of the 
licative in such sentences.) E. g. 


) 


aGa Hey EX WUEV Kaka O¢ 1 TAT Y@UMEYV, 


Mth continue to have Ale SSiNGS 


, c - 
C€t Y? 1) A@V CT Tpa - 


j 


T)) OTpaTia TUpMEPn, Ut seems 
MadTors, lhat Our heasts OTF burden may 


Til Ae lhe May Go on whithersoe ver at 


AEN. An. IIT, 2, 27 


” . 


ma €avTov KaA@s é€mimeAnTat., 
i 


TpPaTT@Ce. XEN. Mem. 


ev mpattrn. he remained. in order 


j 


OSELTO [in KaK@S TPaTtTy, he was 


h in ordinary Pro- 
i Relative clauses. depending 


present or future time expressing 2en- 


_ 
} 


ULbyunctive eters tO any case Ccon- 


~ 


le either 1) prese nt or future time: in 
ietical and Relative sentences it re- 


} 


<“ as possible in the future. 


igs eCEeAovCl aTravres. ous av opadct TapeocKeva- 


; ‘i j ij} 
é ‘ ( i 


cy Sef prepared, 


Ta TWPaypara, PaTaloyv Tt PaiveTat Kat KEVOY. 


noac bat Mido S. ayabov TL deve Epi aut yy 
Isoc. Demon. p. J U. S 33. 
future: os 7, €ws ay em’ GAXov €yauev otpareverbat, wou Te 
Uptative alte - got) Ge ; 410 ‘4, 2). tne : ‘at T@Y OW ape &oueba. XEN. Hell. 1V, 1, 38. 


-) 





“osal 


ors 


IRS A, 68 ea a, 








’ 


Lae pe 


fers to the 


SENT OPTATIVE. 15 


tly past, this Optative is usu- 


|: : 


O TOLOLEYD, 

2 4 4 ‘ & 
A€EL@ Aau IaVOt, ETtGvU@Y Oe 
os Te eSovdAero eEivat Trois pe~ 
dixnv. AEN. An. II. 6, 21. 
. . y*) i] ‘ @7 al CTS ot 
the Present 

‘S02 ot conduct. ) 

} ] ° sill miei. ican Poe 
is, both in ordinary Pro- 


; 


lative clauses, depending 
cpressing reneral truths. 
conceived as possible 
pothetical and Relative 
conceived as possible 


20 than the Subjune- 


, ] 
KQLOY €U(7., HEC MEE 
/ 


XEN. Mem. IV, 


CY saw Evaqoras, 


‘ . P ' 
OVS evEepyeTas, Jor hie 


$. AEN. An. 


‘ 
; 


, TavTa gotos €in; Jor how 


° ” 
i. Cs et 


ndent sentences (that is. in Cxpres- 


in Apodosis with av), the Opta- 
future. KE. 





SENT OPTATIVE IN INDIRECT QUOTATIONS. 17 


a) , ” 
TEMTT@MUEV Tivas 1) TaVvTEes LMUMEV; 


| ee. Aa S. 20S 


V, the Present Optative in Indirect ()uo- 
ing’ a Present Indicative or Subjune- 
‘sent Optative in a dependent 
discourse, denotes the same time 
Verb) which the original 


discourse. (See § 74. ) 


* ; ce >, Y 
EVOULCOVY OUK edey- 
/ if hey should Say 
a eav A€Eyoper, 


Dem. Onet. I, 870, 14. 


™ a .. > aE 
LapTupas, OvK av nyouvG vuas avTois 
bring forward other wit- 
(Th / ught, € Tapexoi- 
TLOTEVOLED. ) Id. 870, 8. 

and Tape XOWTO denote time 
vTO, AS A€y@pery and Tape XOi- 

lenoted time absolutely future. 
TOU UpeETE por GopuBou, eTreton) ToA- 


, © 


Ma TPAaTTOVTAS AQUTW, OOKOVYTaA O¢€ Av- 





OVOEV Lol pe Aet, €7T ELO?) ToA\Xo S fev 


o 


Of Aeya). Lys. in Erat. p- by pee 


ibjunctive or Indicative retained in 
ations after past tenses by § 74. 
licatives denote precisely the same time 

ld have denoted in their place. 
Questions, rep uting a Present IOJURCHYS UST ill be seen, by a comparison of the exam- 
in a question of dor in the direc ISCOUTSS, ) inder ) an , that an ambiguity may sometimes 
denotes a continue ep et which } . rise from uncertainty whether the Optative stands for the 


i; 


ture with reference he leading Verb. ue &. ese] idica r for the Present Subjunctive in a ques- 


i i ‘ 


O Tt TroLwoey might mean they 


, 
; 


KAeapyxos 


‘ MS 


t what they were doing (the Optative representing ri 


‘:)> * 


— 























TTOLOULLED 3: 


( thi Cotati 


what 


tii 


OvT HAD 
Xatp VT@MI! 


Lie if 


INFINITIVE. 19 


‘eference to 
any other 


yy some parti- 


is likewise future. 


tit=- 


ire, the In- 
For an irregular 
7. =e 


its ordinary use has usu- 


han any verbal Noun. 


Present 
rg continued or 
only in the case 


that men- 


the Article, 
expressed, its 
distinction of 

: present, and 
leading Verb. (For 
the Infinitive is 
the fact that. or 


here, when 


‘ATLON. ) 


~ > J 7 
Kal TFAVTAYO?r QuTOvV 
hat he * he- 
Pres ni 
} 
Cat ply TE PlLuayn- 
fact that these 


fn 
7 CON- 

















INFINITIVI 


inte nded, 
licative, but 


oun, without 


Ne. 10 CX- 
e Infini- 
represent- 


sometimes 


TLQCET €ivalt 


ent Infini- 


355, 4. 


mean 


OTe Aup. 
NEN. Hell. 


Infinitive (as well as the 


ilso tO the Impe rye Ct. and 











, 
exeAevev 


I 


INITIY 


va 





MM. canst mee Tea gs 








NT PARTICIPLE. 29 


av 


. ; . 4 , 
‘uv atectakpevov, Sépperov kai Aopioxoyv 





rSOMNCSE had 
Dem. Phil. 


ime of e\dp- 


is also used as an Im- 
With 


nfined (as it is with 


Quotations, but it may 


the Pay ticiple ex- 


7 


rEsS KATAMLAPTVPNHNCOVGCLP. 


/ 
} 


) ) , by 
IE IaGIWS OLKOVU- 


TEeNpa. Kal paociws 


Lids Tre 


TAVACTACELS noay, 


and 


lect, 








ERFE( 





KEVALs 


09)) ‘i 
(CE FILEUL 


f mind. 





Plupe rfect is 
the Aorist. 


two Aorists 
A] 
cst 


Hor. VIL, 

















by applying 
‘ . 


v 


(yr 
future 


me. 


THE 


TENSES. 


N( 


TIVE AND OPTATIVE. 29 


ae ba = 
eOotka pin Tiva AnOnv vulv merot- 


PASS ] may prove F A ry 
10, 


‘ 


TV aetAoyiav 


[ E je Vn- 

most puta- 
Dem. Eubul. 
a very slight 


) ” . 
ovO@s Evoual (Fut. 


Dem. Onet. 


&TETOLNKOL, Iie fold iow many 


) 
t 


Hpt. III. 75 (Tlezroinkor 


€K TO [Tecpaias de- 


1 
t 


| Le re the direct 


: ; = ‘ 

d the simple form are in 
resses more (¢ mphatically 
yn down to the time de- 


compound having its own 


ve di noting a pur- 
ction is to be final 


‘his is usually the 











ie _ _. 





I 


IMPERATIVE AND INFINITIVE. 31 


y* 


t A be taken in the line AB, and 
AY. Evcuip. I, Prop. 9. 


tive of the second person 
a little more em- 
he action 

there ended. 
, only make 


fj 


ie right 


Dem. Timoc. 721, 6. 


‘the Pertect Imperative 
Verbs whose Perfect in 


Pre sent. 


ive in Indirect Quotations, 
ded by the Article and at the 


denotes an action already 


rs ady done this. 
(then) done this. 
14 KaTa TOv ToAEpoY THs NuETEpasS 
unte wadat TovTo wetTovOevat 
’ > 4 
TOUTDI avTippe 7 OV. evEpyeTT) i av 
vany things during the 
fered this before, 
L. 129. 

ace 
Aorist Infinitive used 

Se Se 


Infinitive is rarely found in other 
so occurs, it signifies (like the Per- 


N. 2) that the result of the action 





ah 


(ie aids Se Sa. gai Agony ell: aa 2 ARE” ge 


THE TENSES. (§ 18. : ; AORIST INDICATIVE. 


Tn the Indicative. 


ist Indicative expresses the simple 


ccurrence of an action in past time; as 


momentary action remains the 


\orist through all the depend- 





be in regard to 
‘t Particip! 
TAT finished al the 
. . 7 


V hich denote a state or 


ento that state or 


UpXe, I hold 
nok. 

- « adda rapa 
fein qood faith. 


rr 
went to live 





ters from the Imperfect by de- 

ice of an action or state, while 

29 continuance or re petition ot the same 
obvious in the Verbs 


17 LA€VOY, npxov, €mAouTour, I was 


especially the last example 


refore the tense most common in narra- 
in description. ‘The Aorist may some- 
repetitions ; but it refers to them 

izle whole, while the Imperfect refers to 
individuals. So the Aorist may even 
action, if (as a whole) it is viewed as 


time. Ki. i. 





IN THE DEPENDENT MOODS. 


a mi a’ hl iO gas et a ip ale 


and [mper- 


o denote a 


in -oKoy or 





cant lal alee Sit ac 


‘termined 


Present 


eh ee ae 


ig a purpose 


rs to time /ulure 





any moment in 


oar 


ie gt perigee pilin a ig Naa 


ueOa TNS o.kabe 600v,. / fea 
Xen. An. ill, 2, 25. 


Avoadt, @s pwn Ota 


j 


fj j ’ ) ; 
iat wou may 


— ; 
eis BovAerat 6ynoKety, if + 











i i iy Sega cemmeeanememss a eRe 


EL I. a Aa 








THE TENSES. RE PERFECT. 


idiom. 


TLVES elo OKO-~ 
> but after 
Dem. Mid. 
refers to an 

but @noGe 
Ly to the leading 
ipposed as pos- 


time of the 


, BovrAnobe GKOUVELY, 
i 10 PPR: in 
(Here 


past with 


CCE mplishe ad 


ns ToAE@Ss Aevyet 
eT ¢ | the m with 


> ec a 4 


* ; 
€ivat* emretoayv O€ 


ya) 
fitid 


> 


evpeboutr €S 


ie Muss- 


d. Tuvuc. Il, 


KaTaTmrpat@Ot, TOVT@Y too- 


, 


y 


> a . (1) y r y rie) | ./ j j iV hi in Wis 
erly not mere! resel ut oe “Cl its time. 4 | eed : wees 

a ” j ( Le F o * 9 We 

In like manner, after €@ chr ner particies \ or : : 

Tl ay we} : . 
until, and even a ca aie 
Subjunctive is 
Pertect, if the conte 


time preceding that Le LULTh) rv. Cr mpi . Hi 1a Kai Tov meipa ohara@ctr, avreAmioavtes adda exAn- 


0 abandone d 


AORIST OPTATIVE., 


’ 


hypothetical clauses it refers to the 
y more vaguely than the Subjunctive j- 2m 


fers only tO the future. 


> , “y ee Bs 
Ta avuTov, } clip) 


Dem. Cor. 


¢ aAAo1 ¢ apxXovTas 








VEVOLTU 
) l t7 





aS eee 


ei 


. a? 
gepenas Upon e7eLton OT 


sh, 


ning of the particle 


| 
if 


leading Verb, like 


’ - e we > , 
bhellL €7reEL n LOOL, aATNp- 


} went away. As, 
past time, this prin- 


iunslation here than in 





when it affects the 
‘ce of a Plu- 


r cases mentioned 


, 


Ta, KQl €7EL TWU- 


7 
“] i) good order, 








*TATIVE IN INDIRECT QUOTATIONS. 


how 


> cdi 


/ 
‘ 
, 


; , e 
2,TL ATWOKPLY@pUaL;). 


tuTas, ‘é eager 


Hpr. VIII, 6. 


Indireet (Juo- 


ive or Subjunc- 


lent clause 





pen 
notes the same time (rela- 
the original form 

(See § 74.) E. g. 


” 


ad A 
ro ews €APotev ous 
; * A. Tis- 

f,] the 

iq]. fhe would 


€avy COTELO 1) EWS 


| vot.) XEN. Ages. 


Ce tanae 





EWS iKAVOS TLS Y« ? 


} 
| 
: 
h 


2 9 , 
Tap 1A IELV ) TAPAaoot ” 


~ Vi { 


; ae ° 
O€l pavOGavety, ews 


AEN. Mem. IV, 7, 2. 


KaTampa&etev 
] aya’ Ot OLKQAOE, 


i7aGQV QV €EVELV 
f be added 














RATIVE AND INFINITIVE. 
Imperative refer L momen- 


; _ ; 
tion in future time, like the Aorist 


as eli7re pot, te ll me; 


favo daistinet uses, 


Wo uses of the Present In- 


use, either with or without 


not in an Indirect (Juota- 


action with- 


‘specially de- 


" 
yvegOatl. 
1D, dV. 8 
ols CLpETWTE POV €OTt KaA@S 
T@V TUAE@V Tals UTFEPE yYOVGAaALS 
aQMavticGnvat paddAov 1 OO Aats 


; , . 
COL we) 0 du 


4 amnong 
i han 10 be 
60 C. 


P ’ j at a 
EOMEVOL jLI) ocpas TEpLopav 
vatkAagéat odiot Kai Tov 

4 j J 
m not to atilow them 
. an fo pul an 


, 


Aafetv eotiv, to learn is to ac- 





; j ; 
padtoTa Devyopev, we 


XEN. Mem. IT, 


a 


at 


€ yakerrov @orep TO AaBovra 


Ss 








AORIST INFINITIVE. 


[fo tov EAAnorovtor 
as Tov TmoXenouvd 


you ppovnoat, 


Hecorne 


7 . j fat , 
ay atcTias Tpovypay a, TOU P41) 


Whit. ay) Ore 
Atos TI) PEYLOTH 


ZZU. 


Taur. 


is often used 
tense should be 
death, instead 
This often 

; appearance 

in Note 1 and in 


DY men- 


yevo 67 vat Kat On aGOlK@s 


ré leceived 








enmescmmmerer sent = sent. See 

















ATIONS. 


2? the lead- 


» so that the 


oingat Can never 


ist Infin- 
ct dis- 


] 7 . 
however, 


ation has no 


till 
LRISTOPIL. 


} 


v1 


1? ‘ 
Ongoew Ta 
P meid. 


issages, 


OV Inhanhy 
] 


ANOMALOUS 





i ca LI ER 


Seal 


EE: Sie 


see Sn 





i 


| 
7 
} 
: 
: 
; 
i 
: 


oR ei 





aeapiepee  m 





PARTICIPLE. 49 


avTt~ 


its leading 


is som times joined with 
A the action of the 
| 


nere it does 
adine Verb. 
is the regular 
like AavGava. pbava, 


] tox 
C1pLe COnMLALNS the 


, , : 

also with TE pLopa@® 
5 A 

aTvreAGovres MEANS they 

NAovre ¢, m0 sooner were 


V~. the / allowe d him to be 


il. AVI, 322. 


uned by 
SePnTence, 

| 4] . 

ro anotnel 


hAdvy 
(OUCQCV@). 











INDICATIVE. 51 
umlor ution for the 


evouat asa CiIrTrTcum- 


hie, RRA RET 8 





action W ill 


write 9 


sometimes Con- 
nay mean either 


/ shall 





In a gnomic 


1s) ype n when an 


| 
} 
| 


jus Apollo. 


. 


used in questions of 


ften with an implied ex- 


shall 











OPTATIVE. 





ie 


lifte rence be- 


Lee agate 


r peAA@ 5 but 





intention or 
Present 1m- 


ae 
‘Oomplshment oj 


) ue AA@ is 


i. 


pos ETALPOL s 


i 


i 
ties 


classic Greek is 
after secondary 
or a de- 
discourse. 


o{ten re- 


resents mpake of the 


essed by mpactet In 


: wend ethic as 
@S TWO € @) X¥ Pp?) 
” 


incement was €t 


+ ‘+ w a] 4 
ous €tS TO AeATa. eva TOAAGa 











OPTATIVE. 








‘ 


; . ' aati 
reX\euTnoarTa Cayot aQuTov, 


TOLNOOL. ISAE. de 


VOMLOVOL OE TAVTES, 





~ VaR, 1, 29, 


:' . 
i\ retained, 


common with pan OY oT@s 
ring, as here the 


non after primary tenses. 


iKnS EO€Oo0iKEL, GAAG Kal TeEpt 


‘ . ) 
efevov OVAA npEnaoito. 


2 
HIOVUMEVOS. 


AEN. Hell. VI, 4, 


> 


> Ae 
OUK op0@s 


ing to the same 


used. 





be difficult to 

in which 

some other read- 
17, and in Dem. 
th doubt ot the 


a ly Lae sel e 











INFINITIVE. 





to the leading Verb of 





[nfinitive 

NY; XC, 

direct discourse. 
A orist In- 

are gen- 


tO the 





except in Indirect Quo- 


required. 
L 


ressions whose sionifi- 
‘e, but which 
Ae, ae § = 


is I cularly 


and other parti- 








uture. in the eases mentioned 


prominent, t] Future Infinitive could 


nie ral rinciple. Thus we some- 


after Verbs and expre ssions 
ling, lo ante nid. to ask. 10 he able. 
Present or Aorist. 




















Ae a eae ee 


ch a Bram pt node 








a sa 





§ 29. ] FUTURE PERFECT. 61 


4 


a Present ($ 17, N. 3), the Future Perfect is the reeular 


Future of that tense. Kk. or, 


KexAnoouat. péeuVvncoudt, aDPEecTne@. ] S/ 


Verbs, the Future Perfect differs 

an ordinary Future. Thus, ze- 

Passive of TT parka. Still, 

is another form, the Future Perfect is cenerally 


LO be ( x plained by Note ] or Note 2 


Perfect of the dependent moods is rare. 
red to in Note D. When it occurs, it 
bears the San relation LO the Indica- 


rresponding forms of the Future. E. g. 
am) 


, - ’ ‘ ~ 4 - ¢ - 
Ot) TET pace oCGat ovotw 1) TPlL@v MEP@YV, he Says, that 


y 
j popti f 


NDLISHEA (Oiisievi CO or threes days. 
d ‘ 


be remembered that in many cases. in 
P rloet +} 
Criect, 1 


the Greeks used a Perfect or even 


1, and § 20, N. 1, with the ex- 


is especially common in Dra- 











nei sii hi ii aM ie ii 


= 








Se eee 


GNOMI¢ 


AND 


ITERATIVE TENSES. 


1) TPWTNH TpoMacts Kat MiKDOY TTat- 
4 _~ 

Dem. OL. IT, 20, 27. 
Tal. QTOOCEODM@KEV oO 

r ‘ > ; ‘al * 
r€iS LEpOV opooas, Oogov avy 


PLAT. Prot. 


‘r, in nearly 


rT é€ Troveéa- 


XEN. 


Tuvc. II. 


the con- 
‘such words 
a simple 


these tens 


N AND. C\ 


only expressed 


Ixamples of the Pri S- 


same sense In the same 


The Gnomie Aorist iS, 


+} 
Mm ti 


ie Present, either by 


- 


. : x we 
rring to an action which is (by 


udden, while the Present (as 











1 angst tag 


gh the 
ae 


Re 


eh 


sence 


bait AS lip ean 


&: 


wou 


Id 


fi 


ore ) 


si 
fi 


GNOMIC AND ITERATIVE TENSES. 65 


all such Case s). Tuvc. 


TL KQK@s vas Sovhevoapevous peya 
ou, &e. Arist. Lysist. 511. 
” J >, 4 | 
yOL pndev Ey@v wades Aeyety, €Mt THV 
Aoyov, he always brought the 
XEN. Mem. IV, 6. 13. 
vy €v Tats TA&ECL, TOTE MEV ELTFEV AV, 


’ 3 > . a an ‘ y 
(tit €v aAAots av eAekerv. XEN. 


distinguished from that with 


‘terative Aorist in -cxov and 


repetition of a momentary action; the 
ame endings « xpresses the repetition ot 


‘ : : . 
finuved action. ki. ve 


a . e +. ‘4 > 4 y 

) Tratoas €uovs WToeodads WKvs AytdAeus mepvacy ; 
Tw €AX€OKE. je & Sy. & 
UxK@s €AGot 0 NetAos €77t OKT@ 


eve p0e Mepuctos. Hpr. II, 13 


LAAovus [LEV Yap 


apdOeaKke Avyurtov tv 


In Homer. however. iterative forms are sometimes 


» as the ordinary forms: 


Ilomer does n er f Dy. =F 


§ EaKE KUM t wor € ° Il. IT], 180. 
ite. udAvora be pity pirteerxe »- O46. Vi. 17) 


Ilerodotus sometimes uses the iterative forms 
-TKOLNY with &. in the construction ot $ a, F 
iterative Aorist in only two passages, in both 


ra KAaLEoO Ke av Kat O Us 


)ETKETO. Iipr. III, 119. 


€AGot 6 SKvAns, THY pev oTpatuyy KaTadeiTe- 


_ autos S€ 6xkws €AGot Es TO TELXOS jake re 
vida egOnra. Hiptr. LV, 78. 
































rit 


TENSES. 


OF MOODS AND TENSES. 67 


have been required in the Apodosis or 


it had been independent, is retained without 


line Verb. It will ] ‘bvious from the 
(C} te . that a change of 


hole nature of the 


fi 


ec&éerev, fa 


Dem. Aph. I, 


THOaL. WS 


Dem Phil. 


to attempt to apply the 


also below, § t4, : 


ther unimportant exceptions will be 


See, for example, Ss 44, 2, Note 2. 


of the highest importance to 
moods ) are to be consid- 

that is, which are to be 

the Indicative or Sub- 

rules of § ol 

S 3, 2, ap- 


il even there not without 


‘ative, the general rule holds, 
future Perfect 


esent 1s a si condary tense, 
and the Gnomiec Aorist is a 
‘fers to the present. 

















rie TENSES DEPENDENCE OF MOODS AND TENSES. 69 


| the tenses of the Subjunctive and In- 
as they refer to present or fu- 


le ads 


sometimes to the 





it exerts upon a 


he foree of a primary, 

{fa secondary tense. 
0 the past, as in general supposi- 
velatives, depending on past tenses 
is of COULSe secondary, like any 


iers to past time. 





he future, it is properly to be 

In many cases, however, a 

ion is allowed: on the principle of 
S preferred the Optative to the 
clauses depending on an Opta- 


‘) . = = a tive. the depende ‘erb referring to the future like 
itv il Lil L bal > «blll e.8. (OSS. «bil cl | : 


ScL TLIC 


s | differing little from a Sub- 
Impertect Wil 


such a position. ‘This assimilation takes 


in Protasis and hypothetical Rela- 


Final clauses that do not take the In- 
th of these have the peculiarity of allow- 
hen the writer pleases, to stand 

ourse, instead of being changed to the 
p. £U classes them all as primary 

of the Optative after the Aorist, 
exceptions. Sut these cannot be ac- 
ist and Imperfect are pri 

if we consider the pres- 


tea 


forms secondary (as in other cases) 
vhich the Indicative or Subjunctive follows 


explained on the principle of § 31, Note 1. 


glare RAP oc la 
cng wary Poe 


SAREE YB Ae pene pet 


mec ose 


lista BAC AB 


cincinnati 








MOODS AND TENSES. 


> » S 
EpOoel 


Tao 


; 


Acimnrat, 





the exXcep- 


ndent on the Op- 


j.7). KC... the 
leading Ve rb is an 


ive. however. 





Subjunctive 

($ 31, Note 1, and 
ich the 

tative would 


involve 


5 f4}) KaTa- 


. > 
n OoUeEv OvX 


, 


€TtULEAOLO OTF 


28 (€rA\6ot, 


, : 1°) 
7 POO ELTré bl ee Sol H. ] hil 


upon 


used 








THE TENSES. 3 . 
> ee P NCE OF MOODS AND TENSES. 











primary when that 


’ 





that is secondary. 


TFOLELY 

best 

pleases, 

(Li rC OOVTES 


therefore 


ite moods 


see \ 58 











comMmmMmoniv express it only by 
. ‘ . . 

Its peculiar rworee in each 

] 


iti} 


ot the various constructions 


d below, with refer- 





| Perfect Indicative are 


‘ases in which such a con- 


spin saben mae ue a See ae 


lve an Anacoluthon. 


ious th il the 





Tl OUK Exot, OF 


; 


ls substituted, 


often used with av or 
‘specially HHomer. The 


Wy { 
LY uULure 


addi- 

more contingent than 

1 is. or) . if a ioree approaching 

ve with av in Apodosis. ‘The 
. " 


force 
expressed by perhaps. 
sentences. E. ¢ 

apit@v piav OTAoTEpawy 

1 KE KAnobat axo.rw. Ll. XLV, 267. 


VITEDNVOPEOCVYT@YL, pe rha 
j 


“ae 


REMARK 





ol ( t aTibecbov. 


Tip~nogovdot,}1. Cc. 
































WITH INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 


h more common with the utr 


aii 


w with the Indicative 
; eenerally the Imperfect 
here denotes that the 
action of the Verb de- 
illed. lor examples, 


are sometimes used 


hich construction must not 


k the Subjunctive is regu- 


in Protasis and in hypotheti- 


| 


never in independent sen- 


the av is never joined to the 
or Relative which 

ing one word with 
17, 2, and § 60, 3. 


inal clauses, sce 


Subjunctive is used 
Future Indicative (§ S7 eB 
The combination forms 

isis expressed or understood, 


equivalent to the Future In. 


os €A @uat, a 


1 2. 987, 263. 


ise of xe or av with the Subjunctive 


ordinary construction of 





ad 


cero ane ig Perma 




















PARTICIPLE. 


f1T'e used 
‘fect Indieative 
No other torm 


is used with av 


ie latter, 
Protasis. 

» alr OV ha 
VI x Ol Oo pus 
represents WOTE 
OLKOVYV OLs 


; 


(7¢ldiiis 


4 : 
isa Hers 


reas 


DEM. 


7 
OVVAT@V GV OV~ 


Tarapive Ta- 
éartwKevat 
had not ex- 
id say that all 


F’. L. 





INITIVE AND PAI 





editions, 





TadAAa 


COUTSC 








eylLOTOV AV 
j 


1On ) WDE "> 





Y $ Tt Ne WS 


ounoavTas. ) 


41] > ; 
th ay (s 


niinitive 





1d in Homer 


very sel- 


times represents an 


w (8 30,2) 


om an ordinary Apo- 





’ ‘ ’ 
yTaAS av Kal KAK@OAaVTAS TIV Xa~ 
CQulvaielnl Lif f )] it Ol \ T 


nians at 


~ptenr 
) TEetuTi 


ture Indicative , Fe 2» =. hi wever. ap not tound r) 


i ize, 10. re av va @petvy Tepre- 
| : ay . " ; c. 2 . ; i - a X } tl | 
lomer with eith 1 nfinitive or tl al 





AND REPETITION OF "AN. 





is often separated 


, =o 
Dynut, ova, KC. 


iv With the 


] thint 
XEN. Cy r. 





fr praesent 





av 


1ONnGS; as 





reuade 
, 
ular form 


loc. (Vs. 


times, with 


lone sentence, to 


| 


whole ae specially 
late clauses. lt 
particular words 


rominent as being 


?? 


auTolLs (Ppov@. 


4 


Lo, 340, 


OevEat ay pa- 


> N.) 


ben 


LOLS ETI 
uetra. SOPH. Ant. 69. 


P ‘i 5 « 
or Ayu) GIT 
pa Tap 1) [A@1 €7it 


; }* - Lyoul . 4 om ¢ se OL LETC ApLT@V p iAtor LV EeUTPATEAWS TO capa 
IIw@s ay Tova vTAT €X Tous Te rcoapyas on avraoxes wapeverOat Tnuuc. I], 41. { re dy is used three 
SacgtAns, TeAOS Gavotpu LUT OPH. uA times. loneine to ra yerOat. ) 

Tayior av 7 Tol > TELO re ! : : 
Tavc. Il. ¢ inciple, taken in connection with that 

















hein sts Co emanate aaa ean tee lane 











ana similar 
word, &omep- 


inderstood after 


j ee, 
. WO Ovi = 
. po}js UME 


179 az (See 


“ometimes Oc- 


»} OOUVLO 


Od. TY. 783. 


id xe in the same 


ral co-ordinate 
sed only in the 


is I peated 


Vv. KATEKWAUVEYD, OVOE 
y , > > 

Kia vets eneAAeT 

| wit! 


00d With mpoe- 


A ~~ , 7 
Kal pvAovvTos aeél, 

‘ - a 
JLEVOU, PETA TAVTA O 
al 7p S$ 7 €77 PAKOTAS 


OTEAAOMEVOU. Id. 390, 


implied, as I should have 


if) 1 Wai colle aques > 
1oKOVY) Is implied, 

l +se¢ . « 
.on the contrary, an 


av again 























are treated 
finite Verb 
definition 
included 


following 


ef 


OTT@MS. 





in Commands, 


na Prohibition 





Indicative) in 


Sentences. Interrogative 


-Ov py with the Subjunc- 


Indicative. 




















OKOTTEL TO 


be ne” Sit 


end Or pul 


rected (viz 


presses the 








FINAL AND OBJECT CLAUSES. S9 


as an explanatory clause after an 
ro. (On the other hand, a pure 
explanatory of a preceding di 


a e 


1, AS EPYETALl OLada 3 Oo) Be Wa 


ufter Verbs of ft aring’, ae. * 
fear lest wt may happe nN. 
ly Object Clauses. express- 
without implying any pur- 

ect from being realized. Thus 
TOUTO. un KAKWS Tpakw, l fe ar 
fo misfortune, where the clause 
he regular object of 

of pre 14 nline the object of 

ed, may be seen from such 

/ n atraid that she said. 


included below (§ 46) 
ring, WC. because th V 


both are commonly in- 


Epic and Lyric po- 


adverb after tva, WS, OT@s, 


is used. E.g. 


. parting that he may not see 
af ‘ 








eS —— ati a ema 


cect oreeressinren 


7 
' 
- 
: 
- 
t 
: 


ee meee I= 








GATS Taig is le MAL ATR ADRS 





OSG. 


TI 000 6o- 


ometimes (though 

Final 

never atter 

with the Fu- 

of the next two 

r Verbs of striving 

thie Subjunctive only 
tatement, by which the idea 


than it is by the Subjune- 


’ 7 
TED TOY TpEepor- 


IAQDMEVTAS, OT@WS p41) 77 po- 


ANDOC. de 


o(ppa Kat Ext@p etoerat. 


O7;F@S TOUS 


" 7 ‘ \ ‘ e > ; ” > 
atX twa Tois vou r O@yvTat. LEN ty af ? rT €th i) Ppaodvvety EGTI, fn Kal TIS ove Tat XnMw@Y 
"ExoeoS3 ro evkKAnuata rir t MEYLOTH 7 LO Ka r RISsT. Kecles. 495. So j4n) KE Xx 0/ woerat, Il. XX, 


cagis €int 











INAL CLAUSES. 93 


’ 


however. the Optative can be 


Final Clause, if it forms an 
2 Protasis CX- 
with dp 


ol, N. 2.) 


, " > 
LayvEeooCatl € l7),; 


‘ trong 


Xen. Cyr. TI, 


) TavTa 7apa- 
vs in ord: , 


; "ne 
ai ee 


Navy 

/ T POGOe 
41) opeor- 
ETEPOLOS 

7 tht nol 
(opeovTes), 
ut the 7 


ith dp only 
last case 


rid, “xc. 
J 


it is a Relative 


‘inal Clause 


j € GCav@per, 
P 


npa Dir Y@pPEV. 
also by a Re lative and 


by the Future Partici- 





Ce 





Oy 
ONDARY TENSES. 





hf | . | ‘ ie ] 
} ] , } ] : the In 
I . 


1 n< V1 
uotTaLIONS ¢ 


‘vy Indirect ¢ 


} 
v 











; 


A€ [LLOLS 7) 


i . 
maicates 

of the 
a CONS@C- 


la 
{ Xan pic ° 





nds 
¢ ri 
Ler O7TWS O 


Jeari 








CONDARY TENSES. 





9 Nots Ilapvac: l 


‘/ 
sé 


1 - Phos niss 


EY OLKQLOY de- 


HOS (as 


o 


- 7 
OTT@S T@Y Tapr- 





; “2 a. 
struction 1s especially common, when 


Upon an A podosis, W hich con- 


ry tense of the Indicative (§ 49, 2) implying 


condition (as is the case in exam- 
or upon a Verb expressing an 


[n these Cases 





Tl ot assimilation. 


— oe a 1s 
SOVAETO €' UVaTO QV E€ECE- 


7 “1 7 
j ; 
hie Vie tht nol 


Xen. An. VII. 


ound in 
Indica- 


that the result 





STRIVING. 


’ 
7 


yevnoetat OF yevnrat, he 


OTT@S YVEVICETAL, 


y 
j 


EzrepeX iro 


; ; j j 
s My) 


id i ile 

miusedetobas: on os ee 

€t €7TLMEAELTCAL OT@WS G@uai ‘€ ECO! 
OUT®@ KQL TOY OTPATN 


€vcorvTrait 


€C0ovTat T@yv ToXt- 


, 


Tal Kal PAIUTE 
Dem. <Aristocr. 


Tos of BeATioTOL peY Tas TE 


Isoc. Nico ], 


ca . : 
TPagets. ISOC. 


e , 


MLOLS > OTTWS fA) y €E V1)00V- 


ToAtrat 


af>7n TO oTpaTevpa. 





twuev ex Maxedovias. Dem. 


, 


; ’ e “er 
Qt €7TipEAELT AL. avr OTT@S AUTOS 


ioTa apt Ta ibj. and Fut. combined.) 
erally the Future Indicative is employ 


the princip| 


A 


S €7LMEAELAS OTWS @s eXaxiora fev 
€potTto. XEN. 


ion after a primary tense 


a 


’ ; aX tO7 LKOU iTO, eXayiora re) 
ie Se : ,¢ he construct 

tative are sometimes used, to con spond to tl me kaa eS 

tenses of thi ub TU hy tf He 


aKOUC ETAL - €NNTAL. ) 


TOTE €TOLTO. XEN. Uy r. VII, 


Optative, under § 26, 





OF STRIVING. 101 


and its foree as a final par- 


uata AaBapmerv, ws edAa- 
AEN. An. IV, 6, 10. 

as a final particle, and 
final clauses. From the 
used in indirect ques- 
its oceasional 


@S OL OTL. 


‘uction sometimes (though 
when it is followed by the Sub- 
followed by the Future Indica- 

as in ordinary Final Clauses. 
is used with the Optative after 


an ordinary Apodosis, as in 


TO mndaAtov EMWLT PE Vv. PLAT. 


TOS aVv OLagMi YY Kat pn O@ OLKNV O 


nueis O av padtora ap 
How thre ij might ( ij 


&e. Xen. Symp. VII, 2. 


érws With the Future Indicative is 





in passages where it retains its 


oOKoTEeiv €& OTOUV TpOTTOU pn yEeVT- 
vat CdY th, /can hi pi CVOCTIS¢ d from hy os 
and ‘lnuc. I, 65, érpacoev omn wpeAia Tis yevn- 


that, &c.: quoted by Madvig, Synt p. 125, 





main are given in the text, above. Cf. also 


EMPATCEY OTW TpOT@ TaxloTa TOs peEV Eve Snoe- 


‘ 


atraAAaé&erat. 


94 

















ivy TFpa- 


oS AV TavTa 


17 


| i. y -_ 
LET followed bv 


uk “ clause vith 


the same 


l entre ating are 


yee Pp ] ee 
DLUAUALILG by OTT @Ss 


a yy 
IT Q@s Ar COEetev Apna, / 


1, 


, 5 , 
TLU@MpPnCeETaL 7TavTas Tovs TOLOVUTOUS. 


fin TOVUTO A2TOKPLVOLUNYD. Id. a 


i 


Greek: but it re- 
New ‘Testament. 


a amwarTe adAnAovus, ad rew 
another. IOHANN. 
1a exBdrAXAoow, Luc. LX, 40. 


Subjunctive (instead of an Ob- 








or Mid- 


ot striv- 


i] both forms 


and Middle and 


SovAevoet, SovAEevontat 


in- 


l‘uture 
st Aorist 


rit Pp. 


etive Active 


was extended by 


. 


Greek authors 








107 


1? 


il} order that 


lear originally 


‘ar that something 


. 


fit) OV { ut di 


HWtadY not happe it 





es 
— : 
TAPEVEL TOLS avOp@TrOLs, Ln 


: a , 
TL, aGAAa ¢ tapGetpnrat 


Ye€vovTrat META 


PLAT. Phaed. 257 
SOPH. Trach. 1129. 


Hpr. VII, 235. 
Tuvuc. III, 


PLAT. Theaet. 183 E. 
"Ayatoi. a a ID. 


i. XIV, 261. 


) 


TO KaAAos aA* 
‘ 








"1 


fler from the Subjunctive in these 


ARING. 109 


nd, «C., and take « ither 
the object 

afew cases: as od 
(oor WSs atropn- 

6.) Still, Verbs 
uture. as it com- 
like qv- 

i@h nota pur- 


“ally apply to 


SAY pvAarrouat pn ‘ye- 


W he n the object of 


present, so that no desire 
a Verbs ot fearing are 
all analogy to Final 

nt Verb is put in the 


as in ordinary Object clauses 


] , 1 ‘ 
seldom, uy takes the Future 


, 


Ovals €1 PNCOMEV E€evarTias. 


only by expressing the result 


its futurity more strongly. Thus 


EN, ( 5 rs IV. ‘. ld, does not differ 


except in the manner ot ex- 
louev Would difter from e Bn 
|.) ‘or - rare use of the 


S Ol fearing, &C., see 3 26, Note 








a) 


Remark before 


(thouch not a 


classed W ith 
tructions as 
used 


vast oY 1m- 


/ 
1 possibility of 


' 


therefore, all 
follows { 


as oTt QO 


following cases 











rivE INDICATIVE. 





“a 


i TOAUY O€OOLKAa, 


. ] 
OUnkKn, 1. Ce i 


the Aorist In- 
vid d MY, past fime. 


the Subjunctive 


&e. imply thought, 


on of ordinary Indirect 


OT WS. that, may be used tO 


nese particl Ss take 


("Ore is used 
are followed 


been 











Tax a 


emuv@Oaveto VOTO WOES 
, aAAa ToAv paddAov ba 
any, &e. EN. 


fear lest 


oT l adyewvov, fearing 
PLAT. Gore. 479 A. 
we micht be in- 


ful, like pn) aA- 


ceobat €uweAA € Ta Sac.Aeta OLKOOOMELV apxXo~ 


y/ ut tao be seen DEGINNING 10 


rbs of fearing may be followed by an 
which is sometimes preceded by the 


ive cle notes the direct olject of the 


AEN. Uyr. 


" 
ar he nay (ii 


fi 


adOLKELY operat. 


ved by an Infinitive 
sometimes preceded by the 
same meaning as a clause 

or ( )ptative. kK. La 


, ry 
TOLOUVTOV YEVE acOat: if! hy 


if? XEN. 


KaTatd xt pat Tai THY. 








. P , ia call ‘ , , 
LLeEV EKELVY@V CUULPAYOL ETL OOVAELA T? 


» _ ~ 


( t‘iT@W a 


t fact that) 


is found in 


rid sense ol OAUYOL. ) 
‘ 


~ 


I LLEOG OV- 
7 


and yn 


fecting 


plev and de. depend 


used even 


their own 


merely intro- 


const ruction 


1) AUT@V e- 


tro. c@lecGat ovK apa oa- 


; 


lheir atlies 


Tavc. L 12i. 


, ~ AA > ’ , ‘ 
yvetwv wAnGos OUK epoBnOn THY 
j ‘ 


iwov opr oeabe 
j a 


j 
4 








now 


ne ine aeRO 





7 a , 
doing this, 


; 


at / hia Nis (alt wough he did 70 


The Apodosis here denotes what would he 


. : 
ti ) i 17 +} 


result. the false supposition in the 


lhe Apodosis here contains the 


‘s it from those forms of Apo- 


past tenses are ised. 





(nom) do 











PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONS. 





, 


resented $s present. 





‘rtoanyv case con- 


nay therefore say 


5 


a Protasis may refer 10 any case con- 


uture time. We may therefore SAV 


« 


, 7 
ehyy / 


when 


So 





MUPPOSITIONS., 
P) ine nif and Past Conditions. 


$49. 1. When the time of the Protasis is present 


or past, and no opinion of the speaker as to the truth 





supposition is implied, the Verb is in one of the 
ist tenses of the Indicative. after et. 
the Indicative (without a) may be 
11 


cans itciarelhir 











| +)*) 


used in the A podosis, 


be the result. if 


is correct. KE. 


(T 


REMAR 
Apo losis 1n 
awvéeA Gout, 
an \podo is 


independent of th 


under the mixed cons 


Nort 


tions refer 


ONDITION 





esult if 








SECONDARY TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE. 


We must be careful not to include 
itions explained in § 51, which require 
the Pri tasis, although we often trans- 

Indicative. Thus eav TOUTO 
all such cases) 
this. he was (in 

translate them, 


} ? 
ds plcased ; as 


nf, even when 

Protasis, if that tense 

r nec ssity that some- 
ien €t TOUTO TOO EL means, 


, and not (as it usually does) 


an ordinary future condition. 


MEVOL « «6 « « TL OLAMENOVOL TV 


tynovovet Kat divnoover 


'ot kat TaAXa mavra pox On- 


WC.. ¥, They are ff) suthi a hwy 
ha ld sutte en &e.) 7 
> | , ‘ o_ x ; 
T avartei THOE KEt~ 
SOPH. Ant. 484. 


ly distinguished from that 


* quite equivalent to 


A 


ling present or past condi- 

| that the condition of the 

or was not fulfilled, and when the Apo- 

iat would be (or would have been) 

if that condition were (or had been) ful- 

the se condary tenses of the Indicative are used 

is and Apodosis. The Apodosis regu- 
contains the Adverb av, 














ONDITIONATI 








PLA’ 


| + > 
impiving aAA on 


SECONDARY ° ‘Ss OF THE INDICATIVE. 125 


XEN. Mem. I 


, 


WOTE TAUVTA ETAaGYyoyp, 


j 


haw S71 f- 


PLAT. Gorg, 


é O10 Odvaoceis. 
1aLoAos “- KT@)D. Il. V, 679, 
1d not Hector perceived him. 
i 
> e 


> | > , ; 
aVvVOp@Y, €1 j47) Tis fe 


\aTO Kai ML €Tada@Ccer. Od. IV, 3638. 


if ‘ 4 
'[7TavTa KA2TEMCOCLITO Kal Merve 


> c 


r ave ba VOV, €l [LyX apxXn Ola TAYEWY KAT E- 


aQuT@Y, €l TAEi@ XPOVOV ETTET POTTER On Vv; 


Mev €viaucios, €& €T?) O€ 7 poge TET Po~ 


fa PptiKpa TavTa map AvVT@V avéeXaBov. 


” ‘ , >o % * a 
i7yVvV €C X € THY YY@pnv, OVOEV AVY @YV 
, , att 
TOTaUTHY ‘THTaATO Ovvapty. 
> ‘ ¢ > ‘ 
w, Remark 2, and § 42, 4.) 
pevopeba dy emi Bactkea, 2/ you had 


“e King. (Aor. and 


, ‘eee. ; 5 , 
¥POvov Ta OCE€OVTaA OUTOL OvUVE/SOVU- 


BSovAever@at. if they had given the 


sos 


Le Oo need of your 
Dem. Phil. I, 40, 9. 


’ , c ¢ wet ‘ - ‘ c , > 
air € Kpttl W@W, (KGVY@S ay Ji ') Tapa got THY OOLOTITAa € pf eE- 


j d f nsuered t/ a ] sii uld have already learned, 
, 


penabn ka, but now I have not learned). 
Kuthvph. 14 { 


‘ j ‘ so a 
O av 1) Vv HL ETL TEP. THS TOAE@S | tadeyOnvat TNS NMETE PAS, 


5 


Tp ITE PA T@V aAA@yv THY eipnuny €TETOLNTO. (This implies aA- 


elpnvnY TpoTepa TE TON Isoc. Phil. p. 93 C. § 56. 


e 


€PEeUVnTO T@VY AvUTOUV, €t TL TFEPt €MOU y€- 
Dem. Cor. 251. 28. 


GQOLKNUMLAT@yV 


in the Protasis and Apo- 
pe ially the example quoted 


d the preceding one. 








IN APODOSIS., 
LOll¢ it. according to 
it will always be 


[Indicative is to be used in 


the Aorist is very 

Plupertect would 

19, N. 4); as we 

yuvl qreTroinkey 

INKED that the Plu- 
mTpakev. 

construction 


translate d by our 


5 4 ” , wy & , 
l YEVOVTO, €l 47) UP OSV VONCE 
40) 
«? . 


4 aa ¢ fe * 
Te KaALULNO UW. OUK av umesepuye 


III, 366. See § 11, N. 5. 


omitted in the A podosis, al- 
condition is still implied : this 


expre ssion, as when we say 


The dy can be omitted 


ively that the construc- 


+) 


Rem. 


UTO TOAEMLOU YE OVTOS e&Eni7ra- 
Th / hee j deceived, XC, 
wos exeivos, tt had been 


Matrnu. Evang. 


erat se opponere mort, 


‘he most common case of the omission otf av 
re non fulfilment of the condition is still 


| 


Verb of the Apodosis is an Infinitive, 





APODOSIS. 129 


tt Diriimre. for 
: 


fulfilment 


which 





S$ Ta OL.Kalda TOLe 


TOLS 


would 
heen) in 
implied. 
The 
Imperso 


in the use of 
Cyrus reve 
> \? 

‘ : aa 

€iKOS nv. 7 


and 


ise of the Imp rfect of 


Some ONC 20W Wishes 


OUK €éyere 


should have has va q Dae rCat t TOUS VO; Loy? . i that (if it were pos- 


. Ma ; pu ry ] 
) i at — ; i Trad _ ‘ - e : : / / ‘Oi managed, and 


> 


‘° 4] 9 . 
@ OF opG@s OLOLKEt- 
is analogous to 
AESCH. 
e.vat), an ov ypn; tl ap 1s n ther clau ; n° - on iCerv evOade, I 


ToAV (th ife ¢ ' . , -; ; ( ‘ie - ARIST. Ran. 


is sometimes used by Homer in a 


. y*7) Bel . 
intention or likelihood, which 





CONDITIONAT TCES, § ae . 9, 2. | CONDARY TI OF 


Th 
. ’ ’ 
mon with the 
in Apodosis 
i 


TrOLELY EVEDTL, 


per t OvvalTo (iv 


‘ ’ > 
TFapEeAagao ovo 


Is to add 


THE INDICATIVE. 

is omitted 
sec ndary tenses 
ay, even when 
This must be 
emphatic use of 


Such cases are 


€, xpnve 7 O€ TOLEELY 
| I{pr. I, 
principle of Note 2. the opposite 


| 


i / ) «Is JOM ad 


. > } e > \ > 
CenAatov, axa?aproy vuas ELKOS HV 
+ } ; ey yf / (70 . if 
popu. QO. 'T. 255. 
, 7, J 


7TaTnp Xpypata OOUS TOUTOLS EMALVETO 7TéeLoas 


; , r ; , 
U MacKety €ivat, Adyoyv ELY EV uToWiay TY 


yg ee there we re the n 


Dem. Kubul. 1306, 


2) there is an 
speaker using for 
sed if the truth of 


Sel, ul had bee n 


hat the Imperfects 


posite ot the Infinitive depend- 
379, 14, means simply, but he was 
. 


vith a sec- 


Protasis, Il. X XIII, 526: — 


assage in Homer x«é is used 
ive in 


© , > , 


POTEP@® y ¢ VETO { POROS ULVOTEPOLO LV, 


“> , 


er “a 
aLDnpytarov €OnKev. 


to the sense. (See § 50, 


. ‘= oa ‘ “er 
E€UPEV, KAVUT iS LOT Kal avUT?)- 


° ° | 
ne Protasis WILL a S¢ condary tense 








TT eae 


SUBJUNCTIVE IN PROTASIS. 


b. Future ( ‘onditions. 


;2o0. 1. Whena supposed future case is stated 
as possible, and it is left to be hereafter decided 


whether the supposition is correct, the Protasis takes 


vd 


‘ ° . r ~ \ A ~ ° yf 
the Subjunctive VW ith €uay, av | a ). Or 7V ( Kpic €l KE, 
at KE}. 


The Apodosis in this case denotes what will be the 


result. if the si ition made in the Protasis shall 


prove to be correct. It therefore regularly takes the 
Future Indicative, or some other form which refers 
the Future, as the Imperative. E. g. 


_ 


a ; 
Two cot j / Ct ] fin cull give uw to you. 
wu to me. 
* * ? ~ fn ‘A > ; 
Ei 0€ Key ws €EPENS Kal TOL TWELGwYTAL Ayatot, 
’ ’ ’ ¢ ; ‘ vad , a 
lvoqo? eretO os 6 NY€fOV@V KAKOS OS TE VU Aa@vp. 


sj 


AS 
you, you will then 


soldiers is bad. I. 


; , i 
»@ VILEPTEA TTaVT éeéveTvrovTa, 


yAaivay Te Y(T@va TE, eipara kaca. Od. XVII, 549. 
; . P 


AAef&avt POS KATATE q 


nN 
pI }y 
‘ , 


@ KQt KTNMATa TrayTa, 
ra 


, 
a TOVTOTFOPOLOLyY r 


kteivn EavOdos Mevedaos, 
, > . © 


)¥ Kat KTHNMATaA TavT aTroo ovuvat. 
(Sul in ¢ xhortation). and amrodouvat (Infin. 


in the Apodosis. Il. II, 281. 


‘'Tpayoy, avya Tt Aay 7) « TuHEOC. I, a 


é 
Bs - 1 at ) ° 
UpLLil Tetpacopel a xetpovoba, if 


ul ti 4 to overcome him. 


. r , - Y 97? > 
A€uelty aAvT@, evOad to@s a vay- 
’ 
“e 


sha Of NOW he willing to fight 
/ if) do Sf here . Dem. Phil. A 


. . } | . 1 . 
tO lume immediately following the pres- 





Kai X p@ 


"Hv pev 10) 


Ow Dppove iTé 


@Ms Ue KaAG ‘ 


a. teh. 3, 2! 


. 


av ouvordo 
opohoy@ in 
the futur 


/ 


( 
co ] 


P 
INnOWCOLYV, 
i 


ToApav dt 


EKWI 


" 


dosis Wi 
form of the Vi 


the Imperative, 


‘ 


ONDITIONATI 








INDICATIVE IN PROTASIS. 


TavAa EOTLY in that from PLAT. 


Rep. 


Indicative with e2 is very often 


the same sense as 


s alternating with it in the 


more vivid form of ex- 


o.os emt Tpweoot payeitat, 


t IInAetwva i a. 20 


> oF 
GT OolWw 


mvuOna. Il. V. 350. 


J10OV €U., OUTOS EKELVOS 


ort. pr. I, 32. 


EjLOV, 


KELOEL dixn. SOPH. Ant. 93. 


€OTat Got Kaka. EuR. Aeg. 
; \y F 
v7) Tv POKs noel TT POOe- 


, w s) > 4 
YevolTo, Tiva oveoGe auTny 
(Referring to the same 
ud av yap aTrodu. 7 LE 
pian: 7“} TOMVY?]) | 
, ETO SeXLay obAnCa. ) 
pAr 


" , 
ah 


; ec . 7 
VNOKELY VTED T@WY OLKALWY, EVOOKLUNOOLED * 


KLVt 


Isoc. Ar 


vvous, eig TroAAas Tapaxas KaTaoTN- 


with its less 


lomeric lancua following pecu- 


consti uction “i 


e with xé is sometimes used in the 
ie Future Indicative, thus making the 


in form to the Protasis. 
Kev auTos EA @ [L At, and if he do not 
elf. Il. I, 324. (Cf.1,137.) This 


that in which the Optative 


Ae ee 





ONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 1§ 50, 1. S JU, 2. ‘TATIVE IN PROTASIS AND APODOSIS. 


is used in bo 


Apodosis, “Tar 


; 5 aa : 
h the Subjunctive to e? 
i 


eav and dav (a4) never occur. The mo ‘common form with i secondary tense in Indirect Quotations, 


the Subjunctive 


. 


monosyllable, as ¢i 
(separated by d¢, ei & dv) is rarely found, as IL. , 288. Ze ‘hen a future case is stated as a mere suppost- 
(c.) Ke is sometimes added ‘ce being made either to its possibility 


even when a Future Indicative follows. . 2 ) r any time at which the question as to the truth 


Ai xev dvev eucbev i aE aT eee ' the suppositi e decided), the Protasis 


EKTIEPT AL, LOTw TOUTO 
For xé (and even dy) with the Future in Apodosis, see § 37 Thi podosis here denotes what would be the re- 
CaS Rn ti, baits Ee cw a3) ta chan ted will ilt if the supposition made in the Protasis should 
the Subjunctive in Homer. apparently in th — ee ‘ove to be correct, and takes the Optative with the 


the Attic édp. Ke. 
would SEC all. 


exav tadarevéea Oupiv. iL Vv. 22) "| vy yn@Gnoat IIpiapos Iptapoto re rates, 


, ‘ es . ng . , , ? ‘ ’ ; ’ - 
Ouoe rroAuvos pyvoua un TT . - vay . omTreln LA, , t 7 pe LEVY KEV Keé yapotatoa dupe, 
; ; ys ; is ci; ; ' ‘ 


, 5) ; 


, . , 
OTPUVYNOCtY. YS # rd yTa 7I TVCOLaTO PapVvapevolty. Il. I “ved. 


; 


Cf. Pinp. Isthm oe L Tt ra ov A vy egdAoyv axovon. AN ef prot Te Wis , TO KEV TOAU K pd.ov €(n.- ll. VII, 28. 


’ ' n ’ ’ ” y 4 P . ‘ Darn 
(See below , wote 3. ? NTOS OUK vy. €b TOAGCCTOLS KaAQs. AES« iH. ] rom. 
; ; i 


¥ 4 rs) ry . . Re : . 9 , 
Nott! we (ft. ) l O i¢ ls tt} mpi i Will ; roi pat yTa 1 10 T mT poTpeeten, 
the Subjunctive CO}! tinue in ivr Oe . Ai | T yun in} he i j ‘ (Li y] y y . rah yi } . p. 16 . S &. 


° ° , “ r ° ’ . = -_ ’ 4 ~-- sve A . a A ae c P 
Attic dram: he chorus. and e1 \ some Da e the ruvOvT@Y €7 a in Toliv, a OU TVyxavets EvAO- 
" > . > ite 92 ’ > - 

e . . » “ wa iArmrar 7 = wusITr. DY. 5) _ = 
ordinary dialocue. .. 2. GV GUAt@Ta }s Isoc. Busi p> oo ( 5 4¢. 
a ~ _. , ’ » ‘ > 
(OS we O SaciAeus € 


> 


, > £ , 
Tatvoin, e e&€eAav- 


Ei yap Gayns ot Kal re) rnoas ¢ 1. 496 , . r - 

mt _ gin ee /OLLL TOUS ELEpyEeTa XEN. An. VII, 7, 11. 
Avotakatva rup ¢€ye@, €t cov arepné . 1442. ” 4° ’ ’ > 4 ? 
ie ee . i : po t p ITOV Ui GUT@Y €1y TWONVAL, ATOKTELVALM AV Epau- 
Ke fn Oo €x(ay®@ €K 7 I » OVOETTOT LWwo ; : 13 ‘ 

Ke . 698, . . . . A > P s , > 
€t 7a r Tie rat, ANGE: ye ox UmepBadoipeO 


(5.) In Attie prose, this construction is extrem are, wit Sci sapien oheptaay . Cyr. I, 1, 8. 
and it existence cle ni | » WoXAr , él do Soiro Tov 6avarov O TOLOUTOS ; 
< + ~ a ~ | at*t ' 


follow the Mss.. howe Ve , ; > . , £ 
Vv Aa 3 Ot, capearat av Ae Fetev. 


sages, as Tut 93 VI. 2 | 


Seemann hinends - > — s> 5 ‘ ' ‘ , Ps > , ‘ ‘ ” ae 
Ov vautixys oTpatias povor ty \ wECov TOA cupTrAcy, K a} T Ta TAVT@Y Eyw meTrovOms ELND, EL Ee 








REMARK 
espt ("| ills 


often trans! 


sion, if 


the Prota 


different 

wi" 

caAws e& 
? 

Oniy one 

thor cr| 

eet, ane 


trary, 


dicatis 


pre - 
then 


depen lent 
* ” ' 

av €yvot) . 
will requ 


1 


(i. e, tiv torm ol 


pee Aa, Kar oS EXEL). 


Not | 
this class 
quently in 


(" 


and after suc! 


CONDI 


y 


NAT 


SENTEN( 


’ 


~ 











y 


OMISSION OF “AN, 


where the text is beyond suspicion on 


OVO 4 


tld try). 
UTE Bacia Karta THXOL; SOPH. 
vot; AESCH. Choeph. 


/ 


2 KE r. Ale. bo. 
Arscu. Ago. 620. 


H got. Arsciu. Prom. 


(?/ TOTOS. ARIST. Av. 


The Adverb dy is sometimes used with 


the Protasis, but only when the Protasis is 


odosis to another Protasis ex- 
is, OF course, no exception to the 
and it is to be noticed that the dp in 


strictly to the Verb, and never joins 


> 


, ," ~ » | a , 

LnOatTtT av TovuTo, evkatadpovnrov 

; a 

y / Lay wou wo d not do this 
Dem. Phil. I, 44, 30. 

‘ ‘ ud 

Kat GWOt Te€Et- 


me his word), 
these belong properly under 


h.) W he nm €t KE with the Optative occurs in Homer, the 
expre ssion has seldom the force of an A podosis. Often, as 
in Iinal Clauses (§ 44, 1, N. 3, a), the xé adds nothing to 

that can be made perceptible in translation, but 


E. o 
4e 4° 
> 94 , r 
acavaTotigt beovow, 


prs ¢ ix {TO XpEos Kal C ET yy an v&as ) Od. VIII, 352. 











form, si 


ATC 


a custom 


while the 








GENERAL SUPPOSITIONS. 141 


“Arras AOyos. V arn T Td 


) iY pay 
Dem. Ol. 21, 20. 


uara, patatoy Te paiverat Kal Kevov. 


on a . ” ; > ‘ > % n~ > a eS Pa 

AvareXei pioay, ovK Hv Tis Te alTovy adtKy, GAN €Eav Twa VTO- 
? 4 + ? ] ‘> / ] ; a 

evan BeATiova eavtou evvat, le continues to hale, not if any one 


y 
‘# 


= , “er aan 
ener al a ne i better than hinself. 


- 


KaV WeEvVOELS @OtV, bew lie 0} slanders, 


[soe F LD mon. p- 5 C.§ 17. 


~” ” 


, - 
aia 6« LTO, TO QLTLOY TOVTOV OCOKOTF@YV 


he saw any making a 


, , »” 


un Te avayKa.ov etn, he never left 
) : 


Xen. Mem. IV, 2, 


dig reOvnket, if any Ome refused, he was im- 

Tuve. VIII, 66. 

ols €miKOUpN ua TNs XLOvos, El Tts peXav Tt 
odGadua vy TOpe U OLTO* TWV c € TOO@rV, EL Tits Ktvot- 


\n. iV. i hae 


AAA €l Tt jin) DEPOlMerV, @TPUVEY PeEpetv. Kt R. Ale. ‘ga F 
; , ; ’ . > » ” 
irreu Nn O€ €LOOV AUTUOV TUYLOTA, ovAAa JOVTES ayovolv aVvTLKpUs @s 

> . , r ” 4 * 

TOKTEVOUVTES. OVTITED KaAL TOUS aAAot ¥ avTreTPaTTov, €t Tiva AnoTny 1) 

: : : 7 : ; 

ovAAaSoterv, 1€ ) [/ hat been in tie habit of; 
fhey took. . Agor. p- 137.8 7 

construction, referring to past time, must 

ed from the Optative in ordinary Protasis. 


re. (See §§ 13, 1; 21, 1.) 


Remark. The Gnomiec Aorist, and the other qnomic and 


‘ 


30, can be used in the Apodosis of these 


general propositions. 'The Gnomie Aorist, as usual, is con- 


sidered a primary tense. & fy be) K. 7. 
; \ - 5 , » > 7, 4 
oT pa A@GLY, avTeATioayvTes aAXAa € wi npe@edca VY TV 


} ce > ry’ "s 
WINS) Suppl the deficiency, &c. Tuuc. 


fd 


. , , & . , r > , 
Hy 0€ Tis TOUTWwY TI TapaPaivn, (nplay aQUTOLsS ETE decay, they 
a penatly upon every one who ti ANSYTESSES . XEN. 
" j , , - > A , 
TOUS OCETEPOUS ETLKpaTOUYTAaS, aveCapaon- 


gav al iLé * @) aw ewr fi nds in any way victorious, they 











CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. S 51. § 52, 1.] BSTITUTION IN PROTASIS. 


VII, 71 





Protasis 


. and not gen- 


rioN IN PROTASIS OR APODOSIS. 


n the Protasis is not expressed 
Ms 


et or eav, but is either implied 
cedes or follows (as in examples 
artic iple, cb rr ‘position 
oUTws, or sole other 

he other examples). 


iukes the place of a Protasis. its 


same as that in which the finite 





esents would itself have stood after 
ive, Subjunctive, or Optative. 
stands for both Present and 
for both Perfect and Plu- 

Note. ) u. £. 


a” , . , 4 o 
OVUVaAVTal We pet! ‘ oltappaye tev yap ap * 


’ ” 
a7nowTve Yee Vv yap ay, 


j HEY ShOUL 





nv adAn 


O1l4ETS 


XEN. 


TOLOVGLYV), UU 


OVTG@V Ka~ 


LOUTO TOLIOAVTES €EV 


al (On 








: ==. rHE PROTASIS. 145 


‘ , om 
J€ SovA et, aye 5 


, Th) Ova TOUTO, had it not heen 
T PATTOLEV - 


} 





, 
Wou 


OTELY @UEYD }. 


i i rv art ( ro — : ; | ; La ( oviot . = Te er 


| , 


OPG@Ut)}. tx 
. 

A@nvai OV OE T LUT } 4 j lV. " . , . 4 , +? Pr ; ‘ ; rT T j V. . did not 
| ai 7 ; fd 


4 


Ys -af they 


, t & .) ; , 
€ixkaceccat ( oiuat ) 


er i | 3 - , | \ Ta ‘ hn a } NS. O} ae ot been for He- 


; = ; j ; . j . j ; ; sj ; ih, ) 7 : mould 


not represent e: era 


Ata ye vupas a 


; 


Note 1.) 





un, otherwise, } he regular 

} WA . 

tter clause, even when the forme1 
is much more common than éay 


. ; ; 
a j { | . 
, NOL UAT WY | | : | 
€VveKa YP! LUT G i”). \ en , it} he Subjunctive precedes. 


’ 


, 


Tol avay cacbnoecbat 


at otherwise 





€ pur. TOA€ MOV 
; 


j 


iit) 


Nore l. 











CONDITIONAI 


should ont a rf 
if we should CONST 


pe mn. ac. iD 


wr 
las 


C@XNDressl 
| 


KAvots 


SENTEN( 


I 


~ 





ELLIPSIS OR SUBSTITUTION IN APODOSIS. 


Sopn. Phil. 674. So Antig. 1339. 


j 


] 
nrone. 


is often expressed by an In- 
the construction of the 
‘+h tense of the Infinitive or 
its own tenses of the Indica- 
or without av, or of the Optative with av. 
t includes also the Imperfect, and the 
also the Pluperfect. ) 
ite Verb in the Apodosis would have taken 
hat particle is joined with the Infinitive or Parti- 
It follows from the general rules in § 41, that 
Present Infinitive or Participle with av must rep- 
her an Imperfect Indicative with av, or a 


sent Optative with av; the Perfect, either a Plu- 
ct Indicative or a Pe rfect Optative ; and the 
in Aorist Indicative or an Aorist Opta- 


(For the Future Infinitive with av, not Attic, 


) 


°7 9) ‘The context must decide in each case, 


vhether ahi Infinitive or Participle in Apodosis with 
represents the Indicative or the Optative. 


. €L TOUTO TOLELTE, TWAaVTA KUAQ@S € X ELV, I belie Ue that, iy 
r 21 ~ ’ o 
Hyovpat, €ay ToUTO To.nTe, TavTa KaA@s 


hall do this, all will be we ll. “Hyovpat, 
, TavTa KaXG s av EXE tV, I be lieve that, if you should 
OLNTE, ev 7pagéovTas, I know that, if you 
See the examples of each tense of the 
| 
le with dy, under § 41, 1, 2, 3, and 4. See 


juoted under § 52, 1. 








CONDITIONAL 


SENTEN(S 











MIXED CONSTRUCTIONS. 149 


. . : ‘ »” ~ ‘ ’ »” 
MILT il @XDPressions aS T@s yap av; T@s yap OvK av; 
| I he 777 , 


YEVOLTO, O that it 


are probably Pro- 


rloNs. — IRREGULARITIES IN PROTASIS 


oR APODOSIS. 


orms of Protasis and A podosis eX- 

19, 50) include by far the greater num- 

examples found in the classic authors. Many 
emain. however, in which the Protasis and Apodosis 


belong to the same form. These admit of various 


In most cases in which an Indicative (used as in 


tive in the Protasis is followed by an 


Ve with av in the A podosis, the expressed A podosis 


helones to an implied Protasis in the ¢ ptative (on the 


i 
Py 6) ») 


2. 2). together with which ; forms the Apo- 
is, taking the place of the more 

Thus, in the sentence, el TavTa OUTS EXEL, 

if these things are so. he would not be pun- 
really implies a Protasis in the Optative, 
done. or something similar (which might 
sed, as in the last example below) ; while 
exe be longs as a condition to the CX- 

is with its implied Protasis. The sense there- 
things are so. | the result 18. that | he would 


spe ° , > 7 . 
‘at justice should be done. K. cy 


5A 


’ » | > ~ . , 
avcavaT@yv YE KaT OvUpavov ELA nro das, 


, . . ' , 
eywye Ceolotv ETTOVPAVLOLOL PAYOLUND, 


j / 


fale come from heaven, / would not 











( 


> 
Qor € MLO 


TTOAEMLELV €eTréetod 


ByV iS MNPUCC IN ¢€ 


pepoipny. Tm 


, 


‘AAX’ «i 
Ilaé 


LEY 


OVTES 


vo a). We 


a , , 
Indicative In tiie Pri 


In thie Apodosis, evel 
supplied. This 


wan Vy ises betwer 


'* 


dicative { 


cl premary 


, atl aTe aes . — 
Way GQTOTTOTaAT@! LLé 


éexAaAét, TavuTa ¢ UVYNCEIS LA? 


ONDITIONAL 





54. 2.1 MIXED CONSTRUCTIONS. 


a secondary tense 


(c.) When : Indicative in 


asis. implying non-f 


ulfilment of the 


condition, is 
the A podosis properly 


the Optative, as in 


7 | 
iad done 


> , 7 ” © nd 
tO atroCavot ay 1s 1m- 
not contounded with such an 
atmoOvnoxe, he would now be about to die, 


fea —s i cca 
| be a reculal \podosis to et ézroinee.) 
aAA@y 


, > . a ‘ , 
imm7mFevety E€LadTCav, OVK AV OLKaALt@WS 


s] 


he others to 


LYS. 


Optative oceasionally stands in the Protasis, 


Upon a primary tense of the Indicative or an Inm- 
perative in the Apodosis. ‘This arises from the slight dis- 
incti the Subjunctive and Optative in Protasis, 


for which the Latin, it will be remem- 


hah at. Lo e Remark before 


in a sentence like ei 
éf£e., is precisely the same as in the 
happe n. all will be well. where the 
Apodosis would be, ald would be 


well, as in 
TavTa KaA@s av Seg 


s b, above. ) K. g. 


e " ‘ an - ‘ ‘ 
ris uot avnp Gu’ €motto Kat GAAos, paddAor Gadrrwapn Kal 


ee ; ’ 
TQ@V avOpoTrov, €vupyoo- 


ECTO. AESCHIN. Cor. 


; 
' 


ted form of expre ssion 


in the Protasis, where 
of a Verb denoting 
prop Le ty, posst lity, WC. with an In- 




















15? 
MIXED CONSTRUCTIONS. 


. : » . + 2 
here reters to a | rovuasis, €6 ELXE, 


(4), must 


} } , 
modeis tor 


eee ee 


inet eta 





a eae Sear ey ere 








the Opi itive with ay, 





few ("iS 
vOS,. €lt, OTE PEV PE Ol Up XOVTES 


' 


of the Indieatis 


condition) 18 in the 
O¢ Heor TATTOVTOS,. AtTotpe THY 
(Lh re the past action ol € LEVOV and 


(without ar) forms t] 
jorming a 


not co-ordinate, may 








, 


ETE POV Pikimmov Toin- 


paypaat TOV VOUP. Di M. 


’- 


' . r 
éEnuaptave, Sumdov 


To.wt OvaoceDECTATOLS 
. 


T7i@sS Tao 


? n ” 
ay KaA@S Exot, 
- ’ —_ na . 
, €VOLKOV Dpovet. Kt ht. | hryx. | Pr. Ws 
+. , ; , ~ se | - 5 Lad 
ave potTto TovTo, Tt €EOTt oxXnpa; €L AVT@ ELTES OTt 

s 


’ ’ . , ; ; a * 2 e ~ / 
gol €LTEV aTrEep Ey@, €LTTES OnToOr av oT oxXnpa Tl. 


pens, that the A podosis is itself in a 











APODOSIS. 


> Af 


al i 
€lpit ELTTELY. 


, ‘ o . . oe 
TEVOMEVOS KQAL TTOV@YV EKELVOS AUTOS 
Kal 7i 1 vb avovwevav TEPLYLYVETAL, ii 

’ , 


} 


ee - “a ‘ 
ol Kvpetot jmooaGev owuv 


‘ 








hether. 
> A } j 
TO €L OWCELEY, /it asked 


carefully distinguished 
. 


introduced by the 
A sentence ro-ordi- 
(as it is) the leading 


non in Llomer and Hero- 


- me ] 
introduce A clause It is ind on 


de r. &C 


y , 


: ' : ex Apyelt@v, oO or atro\ecGat. il, AL. 245. 


VOLMAL, ayaT aw, Al} AYAVAKTEW, 





iL, As, SOO. 


Tt KQ4 VUV EK TOU 


> ~/ 
TOvUVTEVOEV 





RELATIV] a : ~ 
DEFINITE ANTECEDENT. lod 


7° ° 7 
ing mhich thie uj 


eSovorw, they *) } 2 whatever the y 





( Def.) 


‘ays ) came. 


‘dent is indefinite, the negative 


clause is #7); when the ante- 


is definite. ov is regularly used, unless the 


construction requires #7, as in prohibitions, 


9. Note 1, and Remark after 


Relative with a Definite Antecedent. 

ela St a | . . . . 
When the Relative refers to a definite ante- 

ye . . . . 
U i nt. either expressed or understood. 1t 18 followed 
the Indicative, unless the general sense of the 


ive requires some other construction. (See 


eases in which the Verb of 
ause refers to a definite fact in past or 


or to something which is stated as al- 





be a fact in future time. E. g. 


ee ey 


j 


A ” \ LS A > , a a » 
Aey@ a nxovoa. A€e&o a axnKkoa. EAefav & 1} KOU- 
4 , ; A , c 
avyevnoetat. LIpaccovow a4 BovAovrat (or ws 

hat they please. (On the other hand. 


££ a , c * , 
aav PovA@rvrat (or ws av BovA@rrar), they always do 


‘edent being indefinite. ) Aéeyo a 


; 





y i , J " j ; , . ; 
a at of which I am not iqnorant. 


’ P , , , 
EK TOLO OU@ €KQaT?) y< VET QS, 
“ 


Lvay Ceol Aleyv E€OVTES. 


capev. Sop. O. C 


~* 


a i a 
PLaAT@V, is % HOW, Wiitle 


5,6. (If the exhorta- 


Ti pa’y 
opas. 





INDEFINITE ANTECEDENT. 159 


Thy emwBedXiay opAn- 


( Optative in a wish.) 


LALLV< has sometimes a causal sionifica- 


to ért, because, and a Personal Pronoun 


lias Ilere the Indicative is used. if the 


eee no other mood, as in 


oyf 


pe 


Obe! | 
strange thing, 


( Os is equiv- 


: 


. ' . . , . 
" yr 74, ” . ‘ “ , , r 4 . : 4 noel { ? 
OvAoperns e€eMeEeCVeV, 7 I pa - Lip yap pot avi (DALVETO, G Li Kat "YEVVALWS ET E- 


~~ 


: as : zs 
and nobly (ws =oTt ov- 


Nort! 


those Rel; tj 1h . vit L ae rhite intecedents, in Will { ! ’ ) ( yp ay ; OTL TOLwY ) 
: ; pA i ; A pres MV « at . . i : . 

(Je HMOTCUL SeHSC OFT 
‘ , mist ; , ' , , , ; z , 4 ‘ oa 
than the simple Naicalive,. " LAGQLT@| ip 7 ri f WVOP@Trt ‘5 @ pte Ceol TAT PQ@ot 


y 


>» 
Pronouns) have : 
o4 . _ ; 4 4 
' ' ’ 7 ,* 11 . aq ’ ivy op0a jit aTayYltYV@COKOLTE, @ TO TapaTvrav 7 pos TOUTOVL 


so that these clauses admit aii the « ri : owed it y : 
e . 7 J m : : me tract at all, Ke. 
independent sentence 


"Ap£ouat ; i 

4 ' [ARK. 1 ca es, as in ordinary causal 
XtoT av Ot t-atut EK) ) i : , , , : ‘ . eras 
= ent es { tia rat asin the first exam- 

Live ¢ . 
at the same time a 
Lif. ree m 
*$ 61,1. Thus in the 
i » « 4 
ised, the meaning of o jan) 

‘ 4 

are ove of those who have 
th it of G@ unodev €ECTLY. if. as appears, T have 


ausal and a conditional 


NTNCE I Ph I F 
SFT) vs ; Rel 
. ici 


OtviKcovr as 


ee ae : ee ae . When the Relative refers to an indefinite 


VOUtLO ae ¢ 


itive with an Indefinite Antecedent. 


perative vo understood, the action of its 


ordinarily det vouioa would | Ist i LS tated, 1 ds a fact actually occurring at a 








thought, t 


“as actual tacts 
adap we A 


, 
Or a vou 


}’* sid / a 


Ls (or 
VOLICEL TavuTa 


cle notes a fact : 


Anow 


aa simple fact, and 


when Plato sa\ 


the meaning 


I do no 


o1oudat €tOeva 

ah, j j 

think that I h 
=. , 

think that I 


nearly synonym 1 


nearly the same 


The an log 


] 


trecedents to Ce 


“+ 


other forms wil 








TAIN a Merc rg neta Ae TEA 


Clis?’s of the Indicative. 


RELATIVE SENTENCES. 16] 


with an indefinite antecedent may 

‘d the conditional (or hypothetical) 

use in which it stands may be 

's (like clauses with et or éav), and 
use may be called the Apodosis. 

pic «€) is regularly joined 

words, when they are followed by 


av { | 


The particle here (as always in 
the Relative, never to the 


Bo. 1. ana 4/, 2.) 


qret and ereLon wW coalesces 
€7TEL. « €TPELOT), al < 5 
> 5 bad , , . | , 
OP €7nv (Tonic e7reay ), and €7reLodv. 
: hes ai _ e 
ce 1S OFC nerally used tor av, we have OTE K€, 
. 7 aa > . ’ 
re in Attic we have déray, &e. Emny, 


often in Homer, : Tevoay ONCE (Il. XLT, 


sification of ordinary conditional sen- 
ippli : equally to conditional Relative 
tinction between those containing par- 
($ 61) and those containing general sup- 


especially important. 


ur forms of the conditional Rel- 
ich the supposition is particular, 
four forms of ordinary Protasis 


the Relative clause refers to the present 


A 


0 opinion of the speaker is unplied 


, 
t} 


he supposition in any particular, 
in one of the present or past 


14* 











; 


ANTIPTION 


pn avayKn Nv exetv | 
i sf 


i+ Ge 


, \vAp +) 


soon ent 
III, 89. 
Il@s ovr oi 
moGewvoi adAnAor 
“er €youot). 


, 


Nixk@n C eS Ta Tactv 
ed. 


pees. Pha. i. 55, 7. 


the Indu ative 


CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCES. 163 


it were a particular 


lative clause, referring to the present 


the condition which it ex- 
is not or was not fulfilled, its Verb is put in 


secondary benses of the Indicative. 

itecedent clause here regularly contains a 
» i . . sf . 

tense of the Indicative with av. E.¢ 


_— 
< 


an y yy 


> . " j “ j 4s 7 > ak i 
», OUK GV €0@KEYV, NC WOUlt ol have qviven 


‘ , © > * 
Tiva )) €SovAeTo OOVUVal, OUK av 


" - , > ’ a 
ETTE VEL OUMEV WTPaTTELlV a Thy nriorapyeOa, jor 
1 j 7T | ] ) 17 : 


, @ ’ ,° 
r (as te aré) to do titndgs which 71% did 
j 
; 


pn nrvordpeba). AT. Charm. 


y ca ” » , _ 
V, OV 1 PKXOpPe V, aAXo Tl 7 PATTELV 1) 

Pv] th a ~? > »” Ga . , 
exe AXov mpakeww* Tovto 0 ny ay, ov emiortn- 
1 permit any othe ¢ & whom we rule d,. to do 
i” do at prope rly " and this would 

of. [bid (Here d,r npXopev 18 

” o ” Ww ” ze 
NPXOMEV, O TI €4€AAOv tO €L TL €“edXor, and OU 


w tO €L Tivos ELyoV. ) 
> mn ‘ as , < > ; ad 
e€Lyov EXaCTOL Tas OlKaS, TOVTOVS av amT@A\Avoav OLTLVES 
> > ; ~ oF oP ng . ° 
nodal \@nvai oY TH C LQ, if each had the ir trials at 
j nr ga 


“7 {u he) Vi ¢ sper tally frre ndly, XC, XEN. 


rf > 4 ? ’ 
( Here OLTLVES OAV, =€l TLVES NOaAY, forms a 
\podosis am@AAvoay av. See § 55, 1.) 


41 


this form fall equally well under 
34, by which Relative clauses with in- 
correspond in mood (by assimilation) to a 

Apodosis on which they depend. 


When the Relative clause refers to a case sup- 


d as possible in the future, and the Verb of the 


dent clause also refers to the future. the Rel- 


xy 


ied with av and followed by the Subjunc- 














AND TEMPOR » |§ Oly. S 62.) CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCES. 160 


telative clause refers to a mere SUp- 


‘1 future time. and the antecedent clause 


( ptative with av, the Relative is followed 


vy 


(without av) Ki. 2. 


; 8 — ; _— 
TE YHNONTELEV LOWY jTovov ovo 


riTele pada KEV €(7) O@paar Kapotos ), any 


'be very stout-hearted. Tl. XIII, 


" , A ; , ” ” , , 

ig TOL aynp, OS Evalalos ELN, EPyYOV ATLUNCELE 
‘ <—oeoe - , - 
TLS UTUANCELEY, EL EVALTLLOS €ELn ). Ve eels 


; a a ae "a = 
oTris €GeAOt TE Kal OVVaALTO GOV 


l you f support any 
i i 


&e.? Xen. Mem. II, 





tov €u Kat duaopor, oxoA7 Y (av) T® GAXA@ 
Prat. Lys. 214 D. 


> 


» pr) KaL VP avTor wadot; what could he 


> 


: rg ‘ 
himself & (i. @. €L poy 
‘4 5 , 
TL pr) ayamT@1, oO 


“he gi t & ’ , 
aét aomagotTo ay (xp?- 
, , . y" 

he would always cling to 


, o > & »” 
réa@ paddov aonaforo av). 


. . . , . , 2 a tad 
OoTavELsS O pin) ETLOTAPEVOS GTTOAECELEV avy ovs nKLOTa 
Xen. Mem. I, 7, 3. 


yreLCov noe € AaTrTov yeverOa, EWS 





j : j 
remain equal to usel}. 


ike those in § 61, 2, above), 


ral rule for assimilation in dependent 





A most important elass of conditional Rel- 
those in which the Verb of the 


| 


qaenotes a customary aclion or a 


any time). while the Relative clause 


. 











caeiea cia CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCES. 


WITT OL Aiwa EVOL, OTE KEY TLS UT Ep 3 


- 


, 


votTra Zeus 
pap eAnotyv. Od. XVII. 322. 


heAXDn peydda Kaka ) TOA 


TwreX\as 


HCL. 


_ \ - _ 4 a ba 
ZO TNS TOAEwS, OS apy 


yee €7 QuToOls €7Faivoy TOV 7T pe~ 


‘ - “ sf , , r 
Y*!) TaUTa Get Tpaypara TAPE KEY. XEN. 


oa -~ 


TOTE ypn 7 poOvuor $ €ivat* €emeway 


Dem. Phil. ITT. 128, 


yap OUMLUAY Et! T 


TAPETKEVAT LLEVOUS, f I I 7 } I ri 'OVL@Y avO pwrrer, 
pf, } s] (l / 


i : ae , 
Oo Tis Teas ELvadixoiro, 

» ; , ) 

Kaitrep tov avépa 


; 


; 


Aeuor) aei Meyloror Kpim 


aan ; ¥)y* y ‘ 
Cilé (li cc ¢ etl 


si cu , 


> lev f T% } rat @7T?) V7 ; TpogeXavvwy auTois 
Llopeve vTal Te yap aia \at ] I rwTa Pw ) I ts. J ; / ios ' . iy - XI N. ( yr. 73 

: aa : : : : : ss " ; - . ] y . \ " » Jyh 

JLOVT AL TE Xwpia ew OTF Od yu . “f? ory ee = = : joie . 


aT€e ts 


of Cyrus.) 


; a ae 
/$ OQTTAVYNS Ny EKEL- 


Ty 


@te€V, aTrapacKevo.t Kat 


continued 
Nouicw 7 


ESaTAT@pEVOUS fA) ETITPETTN, 
who, &e. Xen. Hell. Il, 3 


4 4 , 

{ CG f O TOTQMKLOS €7%F OKT® 71 X€aS, 
YtyVvEeTat), « I y! vq To ye ade 
/ ‘ 


* ; . 


Katrad® 


VT { 
ppol ots ¢ € 


é 


= ae 9 i . Henever the river Tose, 
EVaVTi@Y TPOEXEelY, O HNuly vTTapyXel Hi . oF 
refers to all that prec 


yap peicov KA¢ 


TOCGOtLV Te 





‘OR AT rl » 3 02. § 62. IONAL REL, SENTENCES. 
\TIVE AND | 
Keivos Ou@s Aidao muAnow 
€iK@Y amratn\ta Sales. Od. XIV. 156. 
ond example (Il. IX, 312) under § 62 
v6 V@Y ToAw 


VAEULAT@! 


; 


, 


al eyKA€eioas EX El; 


, 


TOVUTOY ovdapor Aeyo. SOPH. Ant. 178. 


pn amrnra, avd’... . EX"); 
any essential difference in mean- 
animated form, placing a single 

d.) 
yywpn pev nKiora AvTovYrat. Epy@ 


. , ‘ +6 ra 7 + 
% Kal ToAewy Kat idt@rarv KpaTtiorot 


‘ , 7 , e , 
omTogous emeAauBavery  OTparTia, 
‘ way as many as th army took 
{ Hi rc eTriAau Savot might have been 


} 
4 
‘ 


er the first class of conditional Rela- 


° . ~ 
he corresponding cases, § 51, 
i - cf 


the Indieative in 
‘al negative sentences, 


common. KE. oe. 


t{KaVOS €OTLY iOa Tovetv 


. NEDO que 


and are to be explained 


which they fall under 


and comparisons are 


c ~ . ca 


ad . e 
Vi arte WS, WS TE, WS OTE, WS 


where we should expect the Present 
occurs. Besides the singular 


expressions, the omission 











RELATIV! 


"eer ; 
Qs tnv au tTreAayt 
] 


acoTt 


; es oo 
Qs muKiv €v oTnGecotr aver 


om . 


Ot 6.@¢ T (LNT? 


wos Tomes Kat Ayatoi 


(h.) In many case 


tive is followed b 
the Aorist being 


the others. (see 


Qs O OTE KaTl 
~ ,A 
Aotreos aiGouevoto, Oe 
a> » 
Lllac: c é Or Ké Trovol Ti 


Qs ‘AxtAeus lowerot am 


; 63. 

take the 

pare ntly the sam 
"Orri par’ ou 
"AvOpwrovs ecdope 
Zevs 6 


KoGAots 


, 











CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCES. 


7 


, ; ‘ , A > ul 
yap Tote not Kakoy TreioecCal oTiod®, 


‘ 


:) ‘ 4 , | 
TapEexoct Ceol Kal you vaT Op@pyn, 


wor, &e. Od. XVIIL. 132. 


not uncommon in the 


Te On. SOPH. ©. he 3995. 


SOPH. 


" > 4 
K@S OUK av 

:, a3 
Tod\Aots xpnabat, 
Is Ww he i, te ‘Lb suffice i 


: wail ! , a > t “ 
LenNCe CONUNUCS, TAELOTGL COE EV @ AV 
. 


metimes used with the Optative or 


clauses (as well as in 
), but only when the Rela- 
o some Protasis expressed 
to the general rule (§ 359) ; 


av in this case always belongs 


iever joins the Relative word to 


w ¢ 


TI doSepov OUT . @v OAty@pnre, 
ich as you would wish 

). Set. Pee. 2 4, 3; 
KaTEOTHOATE, ovTOS TOY LowY 
ever, whom you might 
post, would have heen 
s man has been. Dem. F. L. 
ovriva, this would have been a 
61,2; and évrwa xareornoare would 
)€t Tiva GAXov Kare ITHOATE. uf you had ap- 
). With the dy, it is itself 











RELATIVE AND TEMPORAL SENTENCES. [§ 63, 2. § 63. 4 CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTEN( 


pA ‘ oe) 


iAa TeEp pepawTt payer Oat, 
OTE un autos ye Kpori@v 
ov darov vnecot Gonow, 
ss the son of Kronos should hurl, 


ne . , , 7 ci 
rly, Ore Ke jL1) euBadn, UNLESS 


clause sometimes depends 


of 23 \ erb denoting 71PCeE ssity, obli- 


[t ity also depend upon an Anos 


Verb which is itself an Infinitive, the two 


lowing the principle stated in § 55, 2. se rming an pres at is nearly equivalent in sense to 
ha would be expected in their place. 


J 


ore , t , +] 
Tourwy de AGnvaious 


UpLY NALKLAS KaAWS € Yeu! 
l@y mpayudTwy To JovAet n> rbar : ) KAU | of 
, roe eee Pern rUa { iv,a al i LAA TOAL } oO OVOE Xp] KAvEty, 2" ovey any 
vols OOK?), TavVTa TWoaTTnTra 7 
i , Tod ian y] i“ he j thy ale show ad appoint any one, we 


(Xp) KAvew is followed by 


« ry’ Be. ,° ’ : Trl ; . . e , 4 , 
. Phi . LLEVe ' Vi } } ir rhe ntath irom its ! embdiane l sense to Otkai@s avy KAvot 


Ln O IPws ELlt 
] r* a 4 ‘ i 
lke Pet OLTO av TIS. XI N. ( f ¥ a 


ferent from that f if owl . ; 4b , , : ae Wy | 
. , " . . oi * , re o * 
; JEN peiderbat O€t, 


same circumsta ic 


nary Protasis. (See 


ad. / icative or Snhin 4s? ‘ :, : : ; 
( ) An Indicati ( (i ul i ' i | Vi | i . ro.noaoba . “t LTO TvVvEPyor ry mpofvpous, TOUTOVUS 
‘ le ) ‘ ' orterts - » ° . > ¢ “ , ; 

may depend upon an Optative with a in the Aj is. either ravranacw eporye do dyabois Onparéov eva. Id. II, 4, 10. 

when the CAPPessea 4 odosis | nes f , ai re @ eh Inpav dev. ) 


Ml i Ul ( l avopt os eldein KUplous ovtTas O Tt 
TQ xpnaba XI N. Hell. VII, . ae i (Ss 


wv, orws Suvattré tes. Sopn. O. T. 


Sis 


‘ 


al premary tens 


ture Indicative (5 
, ‘ “ , ‘ ‘ } ) h 7 
f Y@ O€ TAVTNY meV Tr lauses analogous to the conditional clauses 
rai 2 rie hardly be formed, as thes would be 


uld | uses containing an Optative in Protasis, 

[V os te + , “4 ' ee _ — dep ing on a primary tense, must be carefully distincuished 

» 40, Under 3 bv, 1, O. from those in which the Optative forms an Apodosis, and especially 

(4.) The Optative w in which dy is irregularly omitted. E. g. 
occasionally Al pe nds upon a p ry ten : \ podosis. ore en i emoripn, ‘ 
hich would make us happy (i. ec. of we 


1d * 


c - > ; , 
nuas e€voaimovas 7 Ot?) OEte; 


This arises in some cases from the slicht distinction betwes n 








CET ii 


eoTa, KC. 


assimil, 
whether 
tive, 

If the le 
(belonging 


the av may be 


dependent Re 


tains an av in 








ASSIMILATION. l7a 


new Protasis 


. - a e 7? 
TOLWOL. KAA@S €&et, 27 all who 


- 7 , oy ] ok 
TOUTO TFoOLoleV, KAAS av €xOl, i] all who 
l hy 
{ 


. 


P * > ° } 
UTO €eTFOLnNO AY, KaA@s av ETYXEV, i] all 
ha ©’ heen ws i]. 


’ ‘ , ? 


TiS AvVTOovS T pe 71) WV av Tas 
VUKTEDLVA peyy n (sc. €TEXN )s 
exeiva TpEeTn), @Y O HALOS KaTa- 
UV Kal TO TNS yi x78 woe voet r 

) OV, €lg TOUTE arepeionrat, 
€ Yel (PacveTat. PLAT. Rep. Vi, 
érexy is aconditional Relative clause, 
which is itself a Protasis 

in which, however, the dy is 
KaTaAapret is not conditional, 


antecedent. 
* , oo g ~ ~ 
E€XaACT@ T@YV { npPLoUpy@r, oTayv 
rn i] 


P ‘ r , 
av 7 PATTI, Kat oTav pn; 


pat 


yas leAap@rios Alas, 
Kilt é oot Ay JLNNTE POS aKTHY. Il. heii ye 


€ 


“ + ; > “4 ‘4 
TavTa, ooa Tov (nv petadafPot, emedn de 

, , ‘ 4) ~ ee > ‘ 
TOUT@ T@ OXNMATL Ta TECvEe@Ta, ap ov ToAAN 


yvra rebvavac: PLAT. Phaed. 72 C 


- 


‘ + 1 a” ” 
UTOS VEOS MEY @Y KaTaMpPovot ay, o7g@ 


‘ 
” 


i * t % > pa > 
tT 0. WaAAor aeli aoTmTacotTo av ; ] LAT. Rep. 


¢ ul »” 5 5 , , 
YV@OKETE Onv7Trov av pot, €t €V €KELV?) 


eV OLOTEp evTeOpapup nv. PLAT. 


‘ 


; o > , e 
Ta Kptvopeva, a € 7T 2) VEL O 


yy tavta aAneoratra eivat. 


an indefinite ante- 
upon an Indicative expressing a wish, 





NOT! 
antecede 


° ' 
~itLiVll, Lie 


RELATIVI 











ASSIMILATION. 177 


‘any other construction required by the sense, 
EK. g. 

ooov T . a at thou couldst do 

(If the 


neaning would be, 


tovoact, KAAS ay €yot, if these men should 
. ‘ “er 
ad eidciev would mean, 
BP 
: " al 
ol TWetCovTgat, i] 


rho are obedtu ni? 


antec dent is inde finite, we 
icative instead of the Subjunctive in 


suppositions depending on a Subjunctive in Protasis, 


the principle of § 62, Note 1. The Relative sentence 
’ 


; 
ial 


kOe thy first form of Protasis. instead of fol- 


the difference being often 


; , 4 , 
INTaAMEVOS Aoy@ p47) TFapacy7- 
‘ 
4 


@v ay €L4N TLS Kal rarnles 


(Here ér Leyes and &py dy 


The Conjunction 8€ is occasionally used to in- 
clause on which a Relative depends. Its force 


the same as in A podosis. (See S od.) K. g. 


‘AXwv yevern, Toin b€ Kai avdpav. Ii. VI, 146. 


| 
TOAEMLOS KATEOTH, O O€ PatveTat Kal EV TOVT@ TpOyvous 
}, ok out. ( the i) he appre ars, AC. 
‘ 7 Q/ > - ‘ e > 
Ot TOcOoTal ety WV TE Ta BeAn avTots Kat ovot TE naav 
j a che rs hoth had their ar- 
ut. Tnuc. Ill, 98. 
Sé Kal ol weATdoTat. EN. yr. VIII, 


cpaivovrat sé, Tuvc. I, 11. 





3605. 1. The 
Future lndic thas 


after 


» never 


vaToiot TWEANT AL. 
eiAete yuvarki 


’ 


the Fut. Indic.) 


ava Tupyov Ayatwyr, €, tiv tdatro 


» US TLS OL ANnv eTUpOoLOlY awvuvat. 


earlier Greek construction, 
pose, coincides with the 

. Fs ne b while the later 

clauses. ol an b: sine th eaten adinaitens: 2 ee 
When, ver, thi ‘uture is quoted indirec ly after : re ae a ee (Pimeae: . 


' ~ ‘ | r a 
past tense, or nds up9) ‘ ncaA Cn 2cine « / ~ OUTO! ; rae Vv. @OoT ea = - EKUTEPOUS €Xxelv 


ondary 


post (which Is equ VALiel if | ine ititl | (Juotation ‘ t/ 7 tu 0 { tV. / if it ade HeCCTS LO excite their 
" . / ‘ . 


( hy Leper d 


i 


" 7 4 + 4 ‘ tt, . at P ey : fry lin Sop Re 
Indicative. E. o. pta after a ] tense is fou 1 Sopu. Phil. 


* 


> , ses a 
lS GQAPKEOGOELEV,. OovO OOTItS 


fie no one to 


, ON this 


tO ooTis 


truction just described is the 





LSO 


> , ; 


use oO] ed @® Or €D WT 


pose of, with the Fut 


péopat, i 


Hor. Ill, 83. 


TovToice ¢ 
e ae at ‘ 
ipo pavTat wy 


Kai Try B At 


REMARK. 


’ 


nat Ww 


@rTe 1S I 
oe 


+?) 


e). 


followed by the Infini 


. 


When. however. the 


’ 


flare (someti 


expressing the result, is views 


pendent fact, and not merely as 


put 


WITH INDICATIVE, 


ct, would make the 


‘ 


TO KaTraXreiv 


ly avoid, &e. XEN. 


Te Coy”. XEN, An. IT, 


a oe ae 
OUK €ENDKEDEYV avTois € Vel 


tThv Kata @dXarrayv bi VAULLY OUTWS ETTE- 


TOUS DGUMMayoOUS TOUS NPETEPOUS ADPioTracayp 


1d) 
‘ iV... 


© 


wote DY § 98, 2. N. 1: Ovr@ On Tt KAXeuvn 
‘i 


a 7 , 


Ee paborp, 


yi "EAAnves Pod OTTLOS ToUvopa é 


‘; 


/ 1 We C 2dNe OF Ithodopis. 


re in this construction has no effect what- 
mood of the Verb (like an ordinary Relative 
), it may be followed by any con- 
n independent sentence. 
take an Optative or In- 
, or even an Imperative. E. g. 
KAvtratpynotrpas yepoiv,... 
gatu av eiort oy. Ee i. 


€l po @V 
) tyvou Vv KaKkos. 


fn Atay TEVE. 


7S "Odpa, Uniti]: 


odpa, until, 


the action of 


Past tenses 








SJUNCTIVE AND OPTATIVE. 183 
Ons, €x eArida. SOPH. 


Ow shall 





~ 


IDOLEV, EWS O TI pia- 


y 7 
NadAC, 


Pere | 
yt I atctl 


biunctive or Optative 
' som times implies a 


f which is desired. (See 


Liect which would 


bjunctive, depends upon a 


1) 1 


VI, i. of. t tel t Ul tive veneral LAKeS the Optative by 


fous EAAnvas areAvo OovAEias, WOT evVepor eX pt l, 13 but the tive may also be used, in order to retain 





) 14,2). These sentences follow the 
NOTE 2. ciel . ; me Ti jae > » WHICH appiues tO all single dependent 
tive, kK. 
"Ame 
auTas 
i. iit. 2. 30. (Ilere 


See Tuuc. I. 90. ews 


ews av with the Optative 
. aah = ‘hes cases are not to be 
- i iiti Ye 
oe J na ne Verb contains a gen- 
COT LiIOTill wl 
If such clause 


j 5 
LenL aS one word, €io- 


LuS USES €¢ Pi with the 


5 eae ds ARR nae UN eel EA oiliTk ae docu ~ 


peya IIptayoto éAwpev. Il. IT, 332. 





ptative, still retaining the xé, as 


ee a a ee ee 








Ing the Indica- 
$ 66), is also 
iestion ot choice 


renerally de- 


and Optative only 
iterrogative with a 
atfiirmative. It 


and aflirmative 


rularly used with 


lauses: in Attie 


‘ves, and seldom 


rhe , 
7 pe 


Oev, GAAa Dappakev XK pea 


, 


-a Kpacets NTiWY AKEOLa- 


}? 4 | 
rom. tol, 


: eit ag 
»-€A0LC opnage par 


. 4 >. r 5 4 
a ~ . mn” 
y‘ O71) avuTots avi) p 


, &c. (Histor. Pres.) 


ovpa yadwov TladAas 


ya (evdaipova), TT piv 
Hprt. I, 32. 


€ “A 7) Tis apxav. 


j 


»” j 4 + 
€7TOS, PEULMOLE VY@V av 


So THEOGN. 126, Tow meipnbeins 





_ : : = 
Wit grou aiter a/sjirme- 


in Isoc. Paneg. p. 


’ 4 ‘ * 
ayaGoyv, Tpiv av 

/ 

ATTA WS €X€l. 
Se } ” on ey 
had gpooGev n May 


") 1s especially 


I TOXELPLOVUS € 7 Ol?) 


Hor. VII, 10. 


al. 1) PLY TTAVOEL Ka- 





“ rf 
Ye ved 
‘ 


’ ’ 
Tt TEpMactl TOL €KELVT)S 


, PLAT. Phaedr 


| 


c 


DY mpoTepor, 


rb), in the 


TPtV €Evowulcar, 
« , > 
av TvuOwpat. PLAT. 


-~- > 
TOLS WeCois T@v Agaov- 


Lprimary tense 
K (FT 


y 
ynpas €7Teéetotyv, 1. @. SOOnNEr 








Same rules as [n- 
their moods and 
some l1nterrovative 


’ 


bv oT Or @WS in [n- 


ill sentences which 


ua, ()T° mdr hid Yel if ne Ti 7 ’ l re : E ? : . 
‘ s indirecth iy person’s words or thoughts. 


or Leyes Ti 


a 


mishe Ss for the: i : i 
| ‘t Quotations after ott or ws, and in 
LWwo rules may he fol- 


ry Tysy* 
if 


h Verb which was in the 


a a oes 
live in the direct discourse (ex- 


il LLV' l 


tenses of the lL) icative where hon- 


is implied) is retained in 

chit had in the direct 

Verb of saying, thinking, &c. on 
Is primary ; and each 

tense of the Optative, 


] 3 > } . 4 . 
1 the quotation depends is sec- 





tive, 


ie dae, 


See Crosby’s Greek Grammar 607 


rai 


“A al: i i a 


hi 





quoted, 
lndica- 


ir OTt OY @WS 


r of the two 


TIVE the same 


is in the Indicative, 


iscourse. 
paAMEY, 


j }, at he 


ypayve ls he 


AFESCHIN, 


, 


(os €V atTragt 


’ one 
pPecoudatl, 


, 


; s 
€pOTa Tl 77 Ol7)- 








dy 4 , 
¢ Edareta KatretAn- 
J 


7 Ot- 


TL WOLELS; 





, 
meToinkas; Hyparn- 





19D 


familiar 

Optative - so that they 
icative after secondary 

or the Aorist was changed to 
VO ¢ sample Ss un i Rem. R 
moods and 


(Juotations. 


quote d contains 


A, cannot be ap- 


ct Optative. 
7 


. and these tenses 


ee hl ae 


woth primary and 


purd€o gas, he came 


thie OVOP. ) XEN. An. 2 
his owl 

. - ‘ ’ j ‘ -— 5 ae an. + 
(julOLe IL nh Line repeal > | ' ‘ Suton. scat of yest 
ron . . , : ‘*? 4 ; ’ ; ' ‘ ] 7 i r The f¢i «J Sed hin rig tly. and 


his own it uiOWS. naics ( Cre. sim l . 
n : j , 4 i + ~ 
: | i said, opGe@s nT La- 


junctive in Final clauses art CUVEE fae 5. 


SactAet Ouve pa- 
CTPATEVTALYTO 


> , 


yvEepwayope Pa 655 Kai... ouvde- 
Vis, 1, 34. 

at Tioxparny, €l TLVES 

T pe ik’ avTreoooar, auTov 6” "“AdoBor, 


Dem. Onet. I, 869. 10. 


y 


are there any wit- 


(/ Y pei / is pre sent 2) 


Ex S€ Touro en l " ra ' | , 
eos ’ . ‘ I \ . : Pre sent Optative is used atter 

Kal €l OLKOLTO 7) ywpa . : ’ SeCO) vf . 
‘ bear’) )- 7 present the Imperfect Indicative. 


’ErdAua Neyer, re ea 7 LexrTeTe , Sp Ss; , : : ; 
sent thus occasionally supplies the want of an Jm- 





ws TroA\Aa T@! €U@! LOE i I \] ' ; | 

fort wail ers . ; aro i — 
Rem. 2.) ptative, as the Present Infinitive and Participle 
RAANVES Kat 7 supply the want of Imperfects ($ 15, 3 and $ 16, 2). This 


| 


“Oporot noay Ca 1 TOTE TPE yTat ol \”) L 7 
, ‘ ‘ ny \ f } i. 7, ] ” y 
i iii wh m tie ONLEXT MAKES if perfectly clear 


ev v@ EX OLEV. NEN. An 
: Fs 





INDEPENDI OPTATIYV! 


\ Here ¥@poin or 


Q7vTTAaT@V Kal nv: Yov 


( sayt WE pirat n- 
Arist. Ve p. 283 


| 
KQATE€tTTov ¢ ould be 


Indirect (Juotation, with its Verb in 


tollowed by an 


+ 


which continues 
t dependent on the 


o 
OTL 


ally introduced 


ay Kat Tags ayopas €Tt 
ad 
o > 4 , 
OerraA@y amo TOUT@V 


&e. Dem. 


OPiow €1n TOLELY a TpOKaAEiTat 


’ ’ , » 
Kat YUVQLKES Tap €KELVOLS €t7)- 


' 


i¢ Optative are 
tative precedes, in which 


allusion to another’s 


A\Aa Kal avuTo To 


CALTT@POr 
/ T@ KaAot [LE VG) 

. ’ ‘ 

“4 ) if Laas tii Mis- 


PLAT. Phaed. 


For the 





” 


OPTATIVE WITH "AN. 199 


luvc. 

a ew ” 
TE KATaAKaAVIGCG@MCtV WOTTEDP €XOUVOCLY, 
Pie?) (is they 


Tuvuc. Il, 4. 


Tat, €s IIpa THY THI ynoov emA€ev- 


case, whe ther the 


Vv § 71) 


? 
} 
i 


Subjunctive ( 
nis especially impor- 


21,2, Note 1). See 


in 

1 Introduce a Sub- 
(See the example 
W he n ea 1s used 
Protasis 


inte rrogatiy e, 


O€ Jol paddov apegKn- nyt 


XEN. Mem. IV, 4,12. (The 


amine, in Case 


ay ake uw); and not, look 


If €ayv apeoky is an indirect 
juestion which includes 


plains dasan Interroga- 


d is similar to eav evoetEa- 
lato (Rep. V, 455 B): Bov- 


YTOS akoAovGnaat npllv, €aV 


? 


y , we 


VY €OTL €ETFLTNIOEVMA LOLOD 5S 
‘ 
clu LO Jollow US, iN 


(Sentences like this 


bne original sentence, 
ited after ort or ws or in an Indirect 


Indicative or Optative, 





INFINITIVE, 


ypaQMeEtv 
| , 


{ ¢ 


ayal, 


> 


ypaya lV, 
Yi iwal al 


Hié itili- 

y@ autos GAA eExet- 

. ¢ 

TOV Pid ITF OV OT 

nade, &e. 2? Dem. 

| ) | > — . ar | y 
{ yeoCat iit XETO: or otUnel 
id not 


Aun. An. ii, 8, 18. 


av MvAatTret? THY TiunV 


used in the (iil (j Lil 4 LI itis =) . vel LIU! Wits uSat { "@V TG Ol Vy do 4 af. J. t] } mould nol 
the Infinitive. 3 3 ri Pope ee ee oe ee 


It must 





Is there fore 


1} 
alter all 





L€e Vv Tlva 


eA @MELEV 


TO Tot- 





COMPOUND SENTENCES 207 


, 


TEeAE€uvuT? tay tov fS.yv, ra- 


av teAevTno@per, 


Tacat QUT@ at ToA€Ets Pi- 
Pave pos €COULTO, €Ae- 

) TApEeXelty, Kat KLYOU- 

, CTUOTALEDV. 

auTous, €t TL OQi- 


pa TpPOOT t- 


EKELVOUS NEOUVUGA.,. EL TI Trabot Xa- 


. (Héet, eav tre waGn Xap.on- 


OTt akpa TE 


] 
€VOOY arv- 


TUPLLOVUEVG® OTL. EaYV MEV 


{ Llere 


») auto dvvarov dtad- 
ATETTAEVC EDV. XI Ns Hell. 
been changed to e? 


> 


A@nvaiot, €s THY AT- 


ea SaXroupuer. ) So 
avurTots ypnuara 6100. 
revre puvas, emav eis BaSvA@va 
KkaTagcTnge nH TOUS . EAAn- 
aga 4 
aot dtaBddXAovtres Tov ‘EXAAn- 


§ Ti ponOnvat. Id. ic. 6. 37. 


A 


, > e 


Ol €Macay avT@yv ovs avOpas QTOKTEVELY 





ONSTRUCTIONS. 209 


»” 


y evOev 
Xaddaiot xatrabeovres 


goto Kal tTavrTa padXor TOLn 
Ta PLAT. Rep. I, 337 


i > F — 
wo ild VCIONY under S ol, N. a 


TOS O€E ft eSepyacerbat €xaoTa’ 


opeXos ovdev yiyver Oa, 


TOLELD. XI N. Oecon. 


constructions of § 74, 1 
EKELVOT FUP Pay @v € to 7- 

’ . * a) > a - 
evou.ce travtas, avy 0 AGnva os 


(Here ei eianyotro represents 


he general rule (§ 69, 4), all 


‘h take ay and the Subjunctive 

ie av when such Subjunctives 

ive in Indirect Quotation after sec- 

‘s, however, the dy is irregu- 

rb has been changed to the 

must not be confounded with é& belong- 


gan Apodosis. E. g. 


as , . eee 
T@V OLKNY jE Aner Oat Tap av- 
wagGeinv. Dem. Onet. 
é€7FELoOav SoxipacGn, and the 


7 €LO7) Soxtuaabeinv Or €TF€ét- 


is changed, while the original 


nes found also in clauses which 


at Note  & 


The Imperfect and Pluperfect remain in the In- 


unchanged. even after secondary tenses, 1n 


1) % | 


pendent (as well as in the leading) clauses of 


1g* 





lea also 


Madvig, 


Pluperfect is 
i 
I] 
represent a 


ularly have 


ect Optative. 


. P 
tAats 61 Ttals 


(Ei xat- 





Ce 
not indi- 
Mmccnsg inN- 


weaker 


Optative, 


Wea would 


yr on the 


“avIsSiadg, 
‘ 





y under ce 


4 
O TPOOCEYV 7 y 


amredet&e XeL- 


Lys. in Erat. p. 


; ; 7 
ypayvaipt would 


pA ly 
ai ypay7s.) 


Ay 


pavoTov, €l aTeaA Oot. amvre- 


XI Ne Ages. 


aypl@v Tt 


a 


€OTLY. El O0F@ Dy M. 


Ike aGA@w@ootvTo 


iwow, Luuc. LV, 42. 


€euakapicoa, et ws adAnbas €XE€l TAUTNY THV 


agKxet PLAT. Apol. 20 B. (Here 


A 


oe . 5 
Ta AexCevTa €LS 


what had been 





€aUT@YV 


a 
amv Aa 


inal and Object 

tenses, admit 

This ap- 

the Future 

sentences, after 

these was the form in which 


riginally coneeived. Thus 


}ou, OF n\Oev iva ton, he came 


owed. because thy per- 


. a” we ' 
ive said Eepxoua iva 10a. S50 


EPOPEtTO pn TOVTO 


ty and § 





OTATIONS, 


are sometimes 


change in the 


expressed 


the cause or 
sentence upon 


} ° | : 
VC introduced by 
» QUVEKA, Al sometimes os, be- 
? ¢ e ; . . 

CLOT), OTE, OTTOTE, SINCE. Se ing 


not he con- 


and €7rel, 





Eayot, and ¢ 


j 7) Y 2) 
cp 


Mem 


. ~ 
OVA, WS QSamtAe S 


XEN. Symp. 


ntences of th 
person 

micht 

so that in the 

yet might also 
his, however, 
biguity which might 


meEayet. Ii 


is the revular one 
7 


allowed only by 


for in Indi 


neces appears to have 


is not found at al 


by an Apodosis, in 
is required, those forms 


~~ > 


VOS nOLtov akov- 


PLAT. Prot. 


, > , , ‘ ‘ > * 
€LS KQAL EMOL TIS ag yon a €OTL Kal OUK ay 


QO 





MimNerom. I. 
PI Al Phaedr. 
Ai. 550. 


VI, 20. 

Il. XXIT, 304 
"A\Aa Bov- 

yd. 296 D. 


W ishes in 


when 





Lloms r. SOM time Ss USC @s¢s 


ssed 


were 


fers LO the pre sent or the 


iS not Or was not 
. . ‘ 
the Indicative are 


of wishin 


cr 
— * 
Lo 





INFINITIV] 


“ee . 
IS WOEeAor €ival 





IMPERATIVE. 


»/ 
V aye 


hese words may even be 


erative is in the plural, and 


is in the third. 


. OOTLS oe eQTIv. Tl] ITT. 192 
des "Ayatoi. i. 2h S8t. 
ynas ‘Ayata . 2. 


14, Lyere O€iTVNnoaTe. XEN 


way in Homer. 


rond pr rson of 





230 IMPERATIVI UBJUNCTIVE I MMANDS. : Su. : IN EXHORTATIONS. 


A a ; } \ ( i » nonoamha ¢ Nop L] 
X@pet Oevpo Ta NPETHS* TOEE Tra (pel / yp —— HEV, Oppagclw Taxus. SOPH. Phil 
ae Erioyeroyv, nwa@wuel Id. 539 
Arist. Av. 1187 
ev eis aAAov Adyov. Eur. El. 962. 
rep Kupos xeXevet, agKk@pev re Ot &p 


, e ; , 

€l, TAPEY@UEY Te Mas avuTouvs, 
:] 4 , 

TELO@MECA TartTes. : IT, 


Govpr.dos aAkis. Il. cv: 
Kur. Androm. 333. 
Od. VIII, 133. 


~ the Subjunctive, when 
aye (ayete) Or Pepe, 
. } ~ " 
quivaient expression ) pre- 
: 


tion to the Subjuns tive. E. oe. 


” 


jl no@ Kal Le @Muat. Od. XIII, 


AwpnyxOnvat. Od. Se Sia loo. 
Hpr. I, 11 


ous Bako. Evor. Herc. F, 105: 


) 


uUuac@. key R. Hij pol. 567. 


j 


; : ; , ; ' r ¢ f OTT TaYLtOTaA, TvAa toa TENNGT@, VU ne as 
concession, and sometimes ; Ipposition (whe Ore 


' Il. XXIII, 
Is Supposed 


ILA 


+ ; a - act 
TaAA €ey@ KaTrVON } S$ plagpaTos Tovpou peTacye, ada 


Te (Her ply) TPETNS (S Sb ) 


persons of the Subjunctive are 
rtations, the Imperative being 
(lor the Aorist Subjunctive 
want of a fir in wishes, in the second and third 
Imperative, this Si by neti is oft accompal , has almost the force of an exhortation. (§ 82, N. 1.) 
aye (aye TéE) or PEPE, come. ‘= 2 : lev ‘ceptional ; even the second person of 
» 


inctive in exhortations, like the first person, but always 
lwue? LOwuer ruv vy ' 


ue ba, roves 


. a0 a” ¢ » @ T VOV, VUY Kat TO TNS YnGOV pa 6 $. SOPH. ] hil. dUYU. 
téave fim. I . v0. ' ‘ 





PROHIBITIONS, 
ue BovAeo bat Aabeiv. Isoc. Phil. p- 10] 


. > 
SOC, ane 


exception of the first person, in which 
esent Subjunctive i 


‘ 


y 


is not used in pro- 


inctive (sometimes the Present) 
ring understood. must not 
+.) 


Aorist [Imperative is verv rarely 


the Aorist Subjunctive. E. « 


viknoaT@. SOPH. Aj. 133 


rns ert vons Pa TiOos. ARIST. Thes. S70. 


of the Subjunctive (even 


rare, and found only in the poets. 


‘y@ Tapa vnvot KLYELO. I]. I, 26. 


4 
Hy 


. ra? > | ~ 
YS TOPOCMEVGOVY WS TaytoTa, MnO avToV 
j re / j 


174. (This may be 


fie Sie. Seg tS 


RE INDICATIVE) IN INDrR- 


SENTENCES. — INTERROGATIVE Supsunc- 


b 


Ov “n witH SuBJUNCTIVE AND Future 


87. In the Homeric language the Subjunctive 


Int times used iD independent sentences, with the 
of a weak Future Indicative. KE. ¢ 


20 * 





NCTIVE. 


Ge LY tS or G¢ A€ETE ). 


Arist. Ran. 1. 
agx@peat; Dy M. 
TOOOU T@AEL ; vay I not ask. 


TiS PE EPWTA VEOS, Eay €1dO; 
» + 
] LAT. Rep. 


7 a 7t H @WULEDV;: 
Ti f ; 
Symp. 212 E. 


, ene er 
otA€ea MipnoagcCat; shdali 


f the Persians? XeEn. 


(So 263 E.) 


TO OUVaATOP €OTL;: XEN 


SopH. Phil. 761. 


> 


Ayavuny pntep ex Baxyevya- 
‘ ’ ' 


> 


KQt OUK op- 


Dem. Phil. IL. 





ative OU {L?) IS used 
> 


ese ov and 4” toget 


compounds 


: simple 


Future Indica- 
emphatic Future 
{ sometimes. ov 
not 


TOUTO 


Sorn. Phil. 
nTal aAXotor 


XC 


iy more 


: 


this principle. 


e* 


XI. 


bA 


‘ 
oCat. 


— ) { 
\ TFOAEPLOT >. 
~~ 


OVOEVY NULV Ot 


> 


hy 4 €vntat 
ia, 481, 71. 


’) TOL@yV NELEP@ or yp art TX@- 


JactAEusS np.as KaTraAa SEL. XI N. An. IT. 
rat, AEN. Hier. XI, 15. 


fait ou Ko(avrte tL, €t Tt Ovvydagat* OovoEeVY Gov 
ai ; j ; ') j M ) 
‘ nS. ‘ ‘ 4 rt au le | LAT. 


i 





NEGATIVE O% pp. 23! 


et) « 


le second person of the Future Indicative with 
lh an interrogzatine sentence is equivalent toa 


j 


ion with “7 and a question with ov, combined 


ry. ? \ / ° 
ession. Thus ov kn AaAnoes = (inter- 


ns, will you not stop prating ? that is 


, y 7 . A | 
nos Ope // bhie COM itd. 7) AaAE€L . Oe 


o> 


A? ino { we €oTI Ze 
\RIST. 


j ce M ODEYU. a) 
: palin 
Eur. Andr. 757, 
2 ° : 
TV@ KATOYOY KAKKLYNOELS KavagTn- 
A i; 
; , i ; 
@ TEKVOPD ; You not LOt wake him? 


sopu. Trach. 978. 


ARIST. Vesp. 


ture Indicative with od in a simple inter- 
followed by another Future 


neine also to the latter clause and form- 


just mentioned ($ 89, 2). In like 


may be followed by another 


is understood: if the second 


DY Ln, it merely continues the interroga- 
nstruction with od uy, with which the sentence began ; 


Is introduced by a Conjunction without py, the latter 


’ 


as before, is affected merely by the ov. and is simply 


expre ssing’ an affirmative exhortation (§ 25, r 


yi Ol 


these sentences, as well as 
may be more clearly seen from 
xamples: 


> > 


IveHeEt, Oly ave&el, Kal 


Cs and not he come 





-X Presses the simple 
limitation of number or 
a neuter Verbal Noun. 
the neuter of the Article 


attributes of a Verb, 
it takes the Article) it may have 


and other adjuncts : and, further, it 


] 1 
Vay @Crvs, 


lnfinit VC ay as Nominative be the 

inite Verb, or as Accusative be the Sub- 

‘Infinitive. The Infinitive is especially 

sub) of an impersonal Verb, or of 

uderstood. It may also be a 

licate Nominative. or it may stand in Apposition 
a Substantive. 


regularly without the Arti- 


be made especially prominent 


idea of the sentence. the 


OuKk €veort ToUTO 





+) 1? 


vTotnoat. 


’ 


avuT@ WLeEevetyv. 
e i 


AoKket OLKO! 
a. 3. 2 


noi 


BarAetv. 
above from Dem 
louro éoTt 
PLAT. Gor: 
Jt 


€ivae 


Apol. 29 


$92. The 
the Object of a \ 


sative of the Ob} ct 


the Object, and som 


dred sienific hion. 


the Infinitive 





INFINITIVE AS OBJECT. 243 


» subject, it follows in 
i in Greek as in 


ving, however. mav be specially 


Verb whose action directly 
r state as its object, if such 


} 


by a Verb and not 


ey pressed 


a P 

he Infinitive: such are Verbs sig- 

irn. to accustom. lo de sire. to 

entreat, to exhort. fo command, 

‘re. LO propose , lo COM pe l. lo need, 
intend. to beg in, to atte mpt, to pe rmit, to 


, to prefer, to choose. to prete nd: those 


‘ eg FP " ’ ’ . oo “s/s? ‘ 
Pr, UNWULNLUNESS. CAS CTRNESS, caution, 


rp sSiponement, forbidding hinds rance, 


&c., and all implying ability, fitness, desert. 


‘tion. cuth lé mwCu. OF their opposite S. kK. oO, 


al al 


LUTO! aAAetv, I teach | » shoot. Eyuaov 
BovAerat eAGeiv. Ilapat- 

pat pevervy. Aipovvrat Toe pet. ‘H 

Avvarat amedOeciv. ’ExéXevoev ai- 


vavyyv@pnv po exer. Eure oT pa- 
> 


A , 
d TAyope VOoUCLY 


; . bd >, 5 
Ct K@AVOEL aUTUV 
A 


win f i marching, re. i 


i 


vovew. He pe sipone S doing 


yuKe OovAevev, he is not 


TEC 


is too common to need illustration by 


The Infinitive in this construction is generally 
English Infinitive after the same class of Verbs : 
» future time. (See > 16, 33 “ee 
the tenses usually found, with the dis- 


Remark before § 12: for the Perfect, see 








INFINITIVE AS OBJECT. 15 


‘ , ‘ ; ~ | ‘4 4] , 
yavn fn OvxXt Tayra Kkatavatwénvat €is TO TeCvavat; 


€t pr) OVXL TavTa katavadkw@nvat;) PLAT. Phaed. 


K@AX U 


fn wohAG Kai xadera eis avaykny EOwpev tore iy, lest 
95. 


Dem. Ol. I, 13. 


1) , “—T 
InC O€EL sadicety ). 
uikpovu) O€M TWOLELYV TL. I want 


where the idea of ability or in- 








Isoc. Aegin. p. 888 E. S + fl 
Lye yap areAurroy dtaxdorat yeve c@Gar. Tuuc. VII, 70. 
» €Amidas exel TOUTO ToLnaat ( eAmives TovTo Troinoat ), he 
2, Note 1. 
kw@Avet ToUTOY edAberv) it pre- 
See 


sa : . es 
llapa utxpov nAGov amo€Paveip. 


~~ 


vy TOUT@ eoTl €A Geir 
wher TOU eA\Geiv may also be used. 


i 


nay also take ¢ ithe the simple Infinitive or the Infinitive 


AiTLos 
Infinitive with ré (as in Dem. Phil. 


TO sometimes ¢ ven thi 
TOUS ‘Odvvbiovs exe). 
Infinitive depending on the Verbs in- 

: recularly stands ithout the Article, yet To 18 

ixed to give the Infinitive still more the character 





the Accusative: the Infinitive is sometimes placed 
from the main construc tion. like a Syvnecdochi- 


kK. ev. 
XEN. 


‘ > ‘ 5 , ; e , 
TO apyxtkxous e€tvat avé pote TALOEVELS ; 





~ on 


at j 
/ 


- o> . ~ ; ” ‘4 o 7 ° 4 
UVOLKELY THO OfoU Tis ay yuYT OUVaLTO; 1. e. as to 
Sopu. Tr. 545. 


wy 
XT, 4. (So radetvo rwa tt.) 


, 


C at & 
' chat roman hi 
)aV OUK nOeAnaav. SOPH. O. U. 442. 





Other active Verbs than those included in § 92, 1 
tak the Infinitive as an Object Accusative, like the Accusa- 
fan ordinary Noun. Here, however, the Article ré is pre- 
o the Infinitive. E. g. 
» Tee? THOAaL TAVT@V 7 TET PWLEVN Karexpwev, fate awarded 
Isoc. Demon. p. 11 U. § 43. 
\ few of the Verbs included in § 92, 1 which govern 


of a Noun allow also a Genitive of the Infinitive with 


4 Gi 





] 
nice 
CilaUs¢ 


} 
| 
| 
i 


ation, 


assiihl 





The Tempo- 


it lative Pronouns 


and 


) 4] 
yeveoCat (@Madcip ) He’ 


. 
/ 


a tumult. Drm. 


A’ aGa@vos. (€(—n) avew- 
i j j ‘ 


Symp. 174 )), 
, " > ‘ > , 
adAactGat auTor, TOV AroAA@ 
bHuc. II, 102. (See et See 





] XOPOV KAK@Y aKko- 


(at OwdDpog nV €Tre- 





diesem tae as ce tai 


, ‘ , 
TaTTOvV © POOL 


YOVISIONS Of a (aw are 








, @ven whe n no Infini- 


L ¢ ondi- 


eypave, 
/ uld hy 


(Here 





er oe 


Sse 
=> 


a 


AFTER ADJECTIVES, ET« 


fiiness. 


“vy 
and 


imioOnsS 


denoting the Same relat } 


eovern the Infinitive 


which 
united with Verbs 
YS | nay, 


any of t 


" ’ } . } " “eo 
be followed : LU SLA’ Infinitive 
iKavas €ivat. 





, 2 | 
poaceccat, 
. j ‘ Q/ 
t€ACELV TO TEOLOY, 


" 
i dvi 


/ Ovx 
Ilpdéévuos ANevyety 
ons j , 

@OcuiorokAe€a, ixav@raror rely Kal yvy@vat Kai mwpaceéat ec ugbov TrocovToy 6a unre TEeptetvat avuTois unre 
Or. Funebr. p. 194, § 4 ep. IIT, 
() nomina hecti (as toltos, Towade, ToLovTos, THAL- 
finitive in the same way. 


; 


rsonal Verbs (like €veore. T pe- 








THE INFINITIVE. INFINITIVE AFTER ADJECTIVES, ETC 


. 


.) 


2. The Infinitive without the Article may be con- 
ted with any Adjective as a Synecdochical Accu- 


ve, to show in what respe ct the Adjective is appli- 


‘ 


ble to its Noun; as, Geaya avaypov opav, a sight 


sgraceful to look upon. 

he Infinitive is here regularly Active or Middle, 

dom Passive, even when the latter would seem 
natural » be YaXeTrov TOLELD, hard to do. sel- 


) ¥aXeTrov Toveta Oat. hard lo be done. Ki. SJ e 


OUT@YV Adyor $ €MO0l Mev avayKaloTarTor > 7 po 
OF XPNCtA@TaTovs akKovgat, 1. @. most CCE 


f useful for you to hear. Drm. Mid. 522. 


Se e . 
‘OltaittacGat, a 
5. 

os KaTavonoat. a 


PLAT. Phaed. 90 D. 
‘ ea oJ P, a4 he. ‘ tn- > 
TWTATA EVPELD, C UtngS Ha es Of wad. Ta paoTa €p- 
the things easiest to obtain. XEN. Mem. I. 6. 9. 
. _ , ; a | aes 
reia yakern guCnv, a form of government hard to live un- 
pos 0€ (povapyia) xadery kai Baputatn £1 vouKnoat. 
Politic. 302 B and E. 


Pyui Kal ToOAA® [lel . oF od pS - 4] } e bar ny 
(povos Bpaxus akiws Sinynoag Gat, | meé w loo short for 
Dem. Cor. 243, E 


XY avec. 


/ 
? oor > 
PLAT. Menex. 239 B. 
. , ‘ , ‘ , , ; 
O€La TOpEvomeEvots Kai A€yeuv KQL GKOVELY, CON- 


| for hearing. Part. Symp. 173 B. 


; 


O« Aou cacé6at Wuxpdrepov (ro vOwp) ; is the water 
] XEN. Mem. III, 13, 3. 


wpoomokep no at, a lterrvwl man to fight aqainst. 
19 
i 
an, rat. }s ie . ‘ i es . 2 : 3 - : : 
Hor. VI ‘utul ni ' sive, Kuves aigxpai opagGat (instead of épay). Xen. 
Hor. VI, 12, 1s an nple h itu | 
Note 2.) Son 


“> ; 


Ae yos cdiXarre xonpev BEV, pn 6 nvat O OVK aguppopos. 


The ft finitive may he used after Adverbs which cor- 


meaning to the Adjectives just mentioned (S Jo. w). 





peerless iksSeseet d= 











otis WE 5 ANGE gn A — AAA INE i TERE AE AEST CSTE I 


ee Se Sy Na 
eee ree, a ana eaten 


“ign agente 





INFINITIVE AFTER VERBS OF HINDERANCE. 
204 





is itself negative (or interrogative 
[lapexadet 


he double ne grative 


py ou 
ie form (c) with the sim- 


tl 


form (d@) with 


, 


OUK eLpyet oe fe?) Ot 


TOUTO 
ee » © 
Oh aoti¢g 1Hi78 - 


seldom (or 
(For the 


pkous 7On KaT€ yovras 
popu. O. T. 199. 

Euthyd. 805 DD. 
Ale. 11. 


K@AVOC AL. Dy M. Pae. 





$« 


ovdeyv me K@AvEL Ke yeu. 


XEN. Mem. 


AEN. An. 





pavers tn 


So ET Te 
setae 


, ‘a ry 
OlaDMGetpat. Pauw 


povenesenne 


art = 
elegans pencntareaaie ae 


) avénGnvat. 





1 ; : ee un mpogé € PD KE cOat opov. 
fourth form, still with ©) : 
TOUTO TrOLELV, and (Lh), €tp’y 

you fron a 


TAaATYELY KAK@S. SOPH. Q, 











‘ 
{ 
t 
i 
i 
A 
| 


i 


' 


) an 


iG 
‘ 


> PiAovurTt ovdev Ln 


AND Mn ov 


“UMTFAELY ATTLOT! 


’ 
Ti 
ul 


ne 
we 


whi h 


JO€vVa TOvTO Totwew, he forbha 


} 


Infinitive in the forms 
by which the 
Eqative idea (as those of de- 


» xc.) commonly takes the negative BN, 


implied in the leading Verb. Thus 


; } , , » 0 
y aAnGes €ivat rovro. he denies that this as 


j 
Tae 


any one to do 
is, however, sometimes omitted. 

ny reason would recularly take 
the Infinitive itself, as an ordinary negative, 


receding negation. 


as in the case just men- 
negative [Ln ov, if the Verb 
we. Thus the example given 


adnées €ivat TOUTO. becomes. ii we negative 
, , , ? ~ 

OUK adnée $ €itvat TOUTO, he does 

when the original un really nega- 


- ‘ >> 4 ce ss ‘ 
Gore. JUS A, OVOELS OLOS T ECTIp 
; ° a7 a ~~ 
KaTayeAaorTos €ivdadt. 7i— oO) speaking OLMeCTINISS 
P| i . 


y * 7? "7 
‘# fa peorl 
pi’ if) be Seelicrtk 


OUS): here, 
ovdeis, 44 ov Must be changed to pn, 


T €0TL fL7) KatayeXaoros €ivalt,. he is abl lo 


LIS applies also to the Infinitive with TO 


ception to a Sstate- 
i, 

.) 0 1) » yw 
2] » OUK apa 


K avTidtAot vy, untess it loves ae 


Y ve ‘4 . 
gatives (ov« and ovdév) were removed from 


should have simply ju) avtidudrovy (with the 


ordinary form with the Par- 
we find, ai re adders jmoAXai Kat 


4 ‘ , j / . —pYr 
e@ Kat ToAtopKia, (he cities were many 
. ‘ ‘ 


) expre ssIng hinds ranceé, CC, is 


ith the Infinitive, is the most 





WITH THE INFINITIVE. 959 


OUXt TAEOVEKTELY 





’ — , 
CavaT@ CyHnuMt@oat, 


Kat KAKOT payye@l 


€KaCTOS WyyeltTat TKEt- 


ke. YEN. Conv. 


Pirimrrror 


j 
(i The 





THE INFINITIV! 





NI Ms An 


~- i 7 
A€vucati 


be iv AY scH. Agam ] 
Oix ov €oTt jin) x at Ove 


IIpr. I, 





396. TI 


or other ad 


the Subject or Object of a Verb, the ‘ ject of a V1 


} 


with a neuter Pronoun Ik 


ositioh, OF 1 


TOUTO. 


To pev yap ro\Aa am’ » : 
, #Uts CEOLs KoAaCeétyv = 
: ' b. ° 


Téepas aueA€tas ay Tts ¢ y ixa I € jL77 { VT ; 
I ul ; aie P : : 
O€OMEVG) TL E[LOU. XEN. 


deinv. Dem. OL. 
othe 








Pat, e shiy 
Od. AV. 


yf ) 
ee} iyacCat, 


intro- 
Noun, 


with 


@KE Een Ww €tvat, 1. e 
a present). Il. XI, 20, 


€iA€ETOo Ketpi TAYELN, ‘ee 


val €MUMEevat OUDO!I apo Dns 
j ie 


Hi. AX 405. 


€ivat immapxos. IIpr. VII. 154. 


the { ompara- 


to this principle. 


7a pat pe- 


SOPH. 








INFINITIVE EXPRESSING A PURPOSE. 269 


of 


mo Te 


sometimes denotes A 
Infinitive after 


qgeno;pres a pur- 





Dem. Phil. 


f) 


(Ilere 


o(iot Kata- 


Infinitive in- 


al result. 


ne raat soe 0 
natn i i aegis = 


rae 


. 9 » 
apvoacCat. 


€Tt KQKOY TQaACELV. 


Ee 








"J ? I~ J > e 
E® @ AND ’F D @TE. 
’ & . 





. 


. > p 
is used after ef @ and éd 


rn The PUT POS of. IK. iy’. 


Q 








O$ TOUS EAAnvas 


UPavety re 


TaTvrt- 


Vy, €D) @ KaKOOOo£os 


CTOMDeEtyv. 








TTOALTEV- 


TOALTEv- 


especially 


ae: 
iit 


i} stands absolutely iD 


DY @MS or 


; 
i 
j 
} 
‘i 
4 
i 
i 
{ 


€t 


bees genet 


S Hol emtAeyouevos 


IIpr. II, 195 




















() LOS. MPERATIVELY, ETc. 
rHE INFINITIVE. 


269 


some} 


times used in the 





: ] 
especially common 





he Infinitive 





Nominative. 


102-105, its 


sometimes used for the 


a wish referring to the 
3 chiefly in poetry. K. 
VLOV. / : Z 


il. VII, 179. 





mations. and jJOr- 
often used in the 
Some word like 

KeXeVETAL. if 1S 


} 


understood. or 





o ’ 
DV PLEYVLOTOI 
‘ 














Ss 106.7 INFINITIVE AFTER Toiy. 
rHE INFINITIVE. 


. 106. IITpdp. j, fore, before that. until. 


besides 








ive, Subjunetive, and UOptative, like 
by the Infinitive. This is its 
tion in Homer: but in other 
used chiefly when the leading 


firmative. ordinary construction with 


common when the lead- 


Moods ay 


Ino} 


and Uptative after 


follows Tpiv without 





ll. XIII, 179. 
Papaprey. Il. XVI. 


(Pi T€voati 


Od. XVIII. 102 
fl. XTX, 493. 


Vat GtHaTOEVTOS. 





fl. XX, 100. 
l. XX, 257. 
ll, XX, 198. 


< the Infinitive regularly 


cntence is affirmative. 


- , , > 
viLEaS Katpos E€OTIL 


1 tic l, XC. Hpr. 


























INFINITIVE AFTER IT piv. 


aigé6e Cc bar avror .y evr .¥ €Xo- 
Tuvc: VI. 58. So I. 69. 


‘4 ~ 
VY €KaTOY 7 


> 


QUTOVUS OK nO aL, 


KTiCOVOLY, 1, @. q / 


: TPOTEPOY, 
} } om 
as an Adverb). quali- 


) Bg. 


. . = 
Ol ytyvedCat oiot noay. 
a i 


W TOUTOY 
I]. 


Here 


r with 


4 


TAPOS KatradX-. &at an 


the lenses ot the 


It will bye seen from a compari- 


Present and the Aor/ 


Liif rist 


Infinitive are 


are the only 
constructions in which th Infini- 


ence to time, 


? 
iil 


that IS, in all except 
1d that mi ntioned in ~ 1d, 1, Note ] 


. ° 
nas an Artiels and at the SO77¢ lzme Aa 


0 constru 


ions each te nse has its own 
ative ; but in all othe rs the Perfect IS 
‘€ Of emphasis (§ 18. 3. Note), and the 
ew cases mentioned in § 27, Note ? 


C (See § 27, Note 1.) 








ADJ Es TIVE. 


may 
Ih 


EXELVOS os (he 





it 
iy 
| : 





OVLC OME Vor S$ NUL. 











7 _ ¥ ~ , 
GUM ‘Apadotratrny 
j 





TAPY €tv 


S¢ Oapaor 


TO OEOLUS, 














"at GOOl OTED EOL. A 


PLAT, Phaed. 102 ] 


Té €pOour- 


S04 Tdiis, 





y, H AytAd€éa [larpo- 
ov uynuny apeTns TE pl €av- 
208 D. (Her jn) 


ron 





aLSavovet.p. 














In the 


AUS €lVvai, 


Hpr. 1X 


‘M7LOU ELTTOOLON } 


yél O/LEVOV, 


Hpr. II, 158. 


j 





? 


MELOY were pxovras, by 








cause or pur- 


’ 


W ithout 


CAaUSs( 


LC MeLp Kal 


In conne ction 


(See § 1] 


; 


iit(]- 


(negatively 


Ones, 
UIKC aya, &c, 


le idine Verb. 
} 
l- 


IX 655 


ker R. Phoen. 











O€t YP @pe VOV 


> 


Tais €it&aci 


ple, denoting any of the 


belongs to a Substantive 
main construction of 
ive and the Participle 
absolute. KK. 


cy 


— © 











ACCUSATIV] ABSOLI 


+» 
Live 


Stand in 
singular, 


the Genitive 


' = 35podtnwoay 
» WPOONKOY, 


7 


OOXOU)D, O0fap, and the 





GENITIVE AND ACCUSA TIVE ABSOLUTE. 289 


l by as (used as in § 109, Note 4), or 


~ - 5 ” 
0 T@y 77 OVNP@y avOpeorway e€ipyou- 


\tav aoxnow ovgayp TNS ape- 


ovcar). XEN. Mem. I, Ze 


2 ) 
IONC@yv 





a Q? 39 — > te 
O€OMEVOL, T@Y O adeAhov apeXoi Coty, 
4 \ > & 9 = Q % > 
YEVYVOMEVOUS MiAouvs ee ar eAdhov O€ OL 


0-CULZENS, and not 


personally without ws 
5 with the neuter of Par- 


EK. 9 


LLe€ Pos OC OVtTre 


p € (101. Isa E. V. 


TrevOea “uevyaa TOUS Alyurrion > KaTaX\au- 
TEV yas 7 i yun IVS 7a/ be 


GVAY@pPEeW, Kr p@ Gép 


Maxeédo: 


as _ae 
O€ OUVO0EY, 


> | > > ” 
ES + es EX @ OUY €7F OLKOU., 


‘ , —— 
TepavGe YT Qa, Ta OTpaTevuara amnr6e. 


1} niLiv TavuTa occurs in PY AT. Prot. 


] the (enitive (or Accusa- 


same relations time, CAUSE, «KC. ) 
rdinary construction {§ 109). both 


and be connected by 


Participles denoting these re- 


nce, those which belone to Sub- 
connected with ¢]} 


th the main construction 


acree 
$ 1n case, while 


those which refer to 

id with that subject in the Genitive Ab- 

are impersonal standing in the Accu- 
Kk. 2 


, , & , , 
VES OTPaDMerTes TAPETKEVaACOYTO. TavuTn TPOTtopr- 
“ , - } 4] y 
SOMEVOLE, / prepared themselves, 


¢ 
WSs 


SactiAe DS Kal O¢« 


lo rece ving him. 


: oo 
tlh ie 2: 














PARTICIPLE WITH VERBS. 29] 


DS EPWTACE Yaipw avoKxptvouevos, I like to 


‘T 


18 D. 


] 


; , , ’ , 
TT € OTEPNHNMEVOS, Re look 7 hard- 


AEN. Hell. III, 2, 13. 


PLAT. Re 


’ 
} 
A 


M@TaS peTEuU“EAOVT 


TH ( 


Leyouve 
P 


TWETAVTAL Kai Gua y 


, ~ 7 
TEp@OVv TIM@MEVOL ayaraowy, they 


» ¥, 478 B.- Be TLL@- 


(For aicx vvomat 


oO { OWKOTE S, they 


rav, ¢ Us Hi) YSOPHY lo 


Kal KaTa (@ p o- 


VOUCTtLV TOY vounor,. the 
i 


| " » | 
[soc. ath. 268 E. 
VOOT?! CayvTt, 
f 


(L@Mpovuevonus, he has 
ap Py AT. Goro. 


l aAA@i » of Jound him 


) 


EKELV@Y OovrTa, expecting 
PLAT. Apol. 22 B. 

wn he ing ‘I 

is found to be. 


0 Of €vos 


the Parti: iple in the 


eT t WV 0 Kupos, ( ‘YTus did 


us used with the following Verbs con- 


’ . 
’ ' f . 
Ul Liie s{ nit hice 


OcaTteX€w, to conti nue. 





H)O9 , ’ tT I 
292 THE Pat PARTICIPLE WITH VERBS, 992 


ae oJ t 





oe 
nd the HIomerie 83 t 

: | nneric 2? c f 

, . I 7 4 7 > &; OLYETUL Meuvay. he 
pate, to get th Sfart of. SO in por Will ad : — . sie : | : ) Bae 
* ; bad | = | | | 


AavOavw. to escape 7 rice , Tuyyal 


and in Ionic Greek wi 


. ae | / . Lit LKQVo » NOLMWY, KpEiog ; F 
TOLOS ytyvopat. OF ° h P - : | oR > : | | | | | ni 


construction with 


AtartreAei “4 f LLev alet y1 Lene f ‘ ‘ ’ ee Pend Peeeein, — 


‘ il ( lil » 
main f LI , 4s : . = 
| ak , 


nr SOPH, 
JEL Eto. BO; noKery. ) 


TUPAGs. Id. (), R. 13568. 
Aristoc 


inav vovern eithe r the \c- 
: , 
] LUrLIciple it] 


in either ot these 


say either aveyerai 


Cahikse . ai yi : 
lH} ONES 


; A , ¥ LA 
) lve 7 tl < 7 ’ 
»t$ (Or ovuK dy PCavoire ), 


: ; 
+1, ) } 
Che Participle 


Che third 


I person, OUK av 


aS an ¢ x horta- 


; 
f+ pe ; Mow 


KOMEVO! ~EVOUaVG Henan Toy by ¢ | mi 
es i a - —@? ON O20 a Bes 
Hpr. IV, 13: em . os : 
PGavovet en avri iT a " ; ly takes , 
AESCHIN 


, ry )) = mi hie nl Sc _ ’ . . 
ECOS . - aba t advapa TOU ( . ! } rapa’ . P ‘3 Bi = followed by the [nfini- 


. ae . ir pr sf nerally. how ver, wi 
orba [nt ( \ I, re mi , ; , ee" suites, rita ae 
a TxXvvopat As‘ y @ yp Ineans, / iii 


ato yuvouat A€yeuy means, / ain 
\ carn aes ? 
} ) ATOKaYLV@ TOUTO 
“EBS n 
a ‘OKGULV@ TovToO TOLELY / 


See Passow, or Liddell and 


under apxouat 


’ ft’ , : “ 
Perfect) ] articiple may be 


a periphrastic Perfect In- 


Sophocles and Euripides, 








PARTICIPLI IN INDIRECT QUOTATION, 


A a 4 iis cia 
IS equivalent to dnXov VY OTL 
Ww, Note ‘és 


> »” , . . . 
\ Oaciy ToAup, u is evid nt that 


a eee 


26. 
‘Tact €7OlnCOaY OovuK ‘Ola Tro- 


NOT fighting 


Fn eee i 


for its object an 
to its subject. the 
may ay, deiEw 


more 


nal Verb is used in 
In the heuter sincular (of course 


lowing ex umple includes this and also 


TS TOAEwS Huty Kal qe. twovédra 
/TA . j oe ily thet i have 


Th aPuicip — at ihe city, but | hat we suffered, &. Dem. Eubul. 


| ‘4 { ‘ yyy \ ; on ~ THO ard x . em 
eae Fe ea ae direct (Juotation 4 ; He a) A] Ul IS, METEOTE TNS TOAEws MLV Kat 
the Infinitive | 


: , ~ , fn 4 PEIt0 1b e 
] with (Loveve \A@, f ; 
ANG Wibil 'y'7 


{ mithoul 


which regularly take the Infinitive in 


) 


<), occasional], take the Participle. 
cat you are putting to 


’ 


ay be omitted here. as well as 


@OK@ are followed 

ubject of the Verb, the Participle 

cvvoiba TOUT® nOunpevar, l am CON- 

nged. If. however. they are 

Pronoun referring to the 

Can stand either j he Dative agreeing 
in the Nominative agreeing with the sub- 


Sa €LAUVT@ nHNOtCKNUE V@ (or NOLKNMEVOS), / am 


; 
DEEN wronged, 











WITH THE PARTI IPLE. 297 


7 nds orf the 

T® UTV@ | tavowrvraz, 2:/; their sleep 
Py & Cheaet. LDS | 

/ S$) la (l?i- 

(In vs. 


o 
Javac ysov BeB n- 


Cannot always hy expressed 


ws may stand with its 


Is sometimes happens 


e the object of the 


f omitted. th Accusa- 


‘| 
TLOTagOat coe ?) / must under- 


251, (Hers the Genitive Ab- 


h¢ tg 
See 


| 


ple in thi Genitive Absolute 


ressions which would not take 


Kal UpeEls, UT@ T ' yv@uny €XETE, 
XEN. An.I,3,6. So Tuve. 


Kal TOUTwY KUKe ivy Cc U U~ 
heat hot} his and lhat 
Dem. Aristoc. 

this and that 


tf us lay j at at 





, 


IMPERSONAL FORM IN -Teovy OR -réa. 299 


Verb from Which the \ 


erbal is de- 


Vs1 x7) dea 
imaAXar- 


4y voted 
Tuvc. 


; »” 
TT PATEVOUE VOUS OUTE 


IKLOYLALOLS Trt he 
Dative of the avent 
bd] 5 4 

VY OCl TAELOCGEL 


a F 
TOLS AOnvaiots 
it (aS) avTous 


TavrTt oGever ( 


e 


YVUVQtK@} /TEa 1) ALY 


Ol Y VVQALK@y 








ENGLISH INDEX. 
ENGLISH INDEX. 


expressed 
npert, Inf. 
How 


Im) eri. 


until, 
rtoa 
After 
from In- 
La- 


In indir. 





\f 


‘LISH INDI 





ENGLISH INDEX. 


305 


leading 


cl and 


200: 


See 


rhs? ilera- 


7, 


vc Hi ping 


billie d 


clause 
it. w. Fut. 
Subj. and 
in Attic), 
and Opt., 
w. Infin., 


by Fut. 














GREEK INDEX. 





INDEX, 














WMA IM 


O06, 


IIVERSITY LIBRARY 








